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Issues Involved:
1. Gratuity liability and its deductibility under the Income Tax Act. 2. Method of accounting and its impact on the computation of taxable income. 3. Applicability of Section 28 and Section 37 of the Income Tax Act. 4. Relevance of actuarial valuation in determining gratuity liability. 5. Legal precedents and their applicability to the case. Detailed Analysis: 1. Gratuity Liability and Its Deductibility under the Income Tax Act: The primary issue was whether the assessee, a public limited company engaged in textile manufacturing, could claim a deduction for its estimated gratuity liability based on actuarial valuation for the assessment year 1968-69. The assessee maintained its books of account on the mercantile system and had obtained an actuarial valuation of its estimated gratuity liability for the calendar year 1967, amounting to Rs. 29,637. The Income Tax Officer (ITO) rejected the claim on the grounds that the assessee had neither paid the amount nor made any provision for it in its accounts. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner (AAC) and the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) upheld this decision, stating that no present liability for gratuity existed and that no provision had been made in the accounts. 2. Method of Accounting and Its Impact on the Computation of Taxable Income: The court examined whether the method of accounting employed by the assessee permitted the deduction of the estimated gratuity liability. Section 145 of the Income Tax Act mandates that income must be computed in accordance with the method of accounting regularly employed by the assessee. The court observed that the assessee's method of accounting was mercantile, which allows for the deduction of liabilities incurred or accrued but not discharged at the end of the year. The court noted that the assessee had consistently maintained its books on this basis and that the actuarial valuation of the gratuity liability was a permissible method under the mercantile system. 3. Applicability of Section 28 and Section 37 of the Income Tax Act: The assessee argued that the amount of Rs. 29,637 was allowable as a deduction under Section 37(1) of the Income Tax Act. However, the court decided the matter based on Section 28, which deals with the computation of income under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession." The court held that the assessee was entitled to charge against its gross receipts the cost of making provision for the gratuity liability, calculated on an actuarial basis, to determine the net profits chargeable to income-tax under Section 28. 4. Relevance of Actuarial Valuation in Determining Gratuity Liability: The court emphasized the importance of actuarial valuation in estimating the present value of future gratuity payments. The court referred to the decision in Metal Box Company of India Ltd. v. Their Workmen [1969] 73 ITR 53 (SC), which recognized that an estimated liability for gratuity, even if contingent, could be deducted from gross receipts if its present value was ascertainable and fairly discounted. The court noted that the assessee had obtained an actuarial valuation from M/s. B. G. Dave & Co., which was not disputed by the revenue. 5. Legal Precedents and Their Applicability to the Case: The court referred to several legal precedents, including Southern Railway of Peru Ltd. v. Owen [1957] 32 ITR 737 (HL), Standard Mills Co. Ltd. v. CWT [1967] 63 ITR 470 (SC), and Metal Box Company of India Ltd. v. Their Workmen [1969] 73 ITR 53 (SC). These cases established the principle that a trader could charge against each year's receipts the cost of making provision for future payments if the present value of such payments could be fairly estimated. The court distinguished the present case from Standard Mills Co. Ltd., where the liability was contingent and not deductible under the Wealth Tax Act, emphasizing that the Income Tax Act allowed for such deductions. Conclusion: The court concluded that the assessee was entitled to the deduction of Rs. 29,637 for its estimated gratuity liability, worked out on an actuarial basis, while computing its income under Section 28. The Tribunal's view to the contrary was not justified in law. The court answered the question referred to it in the negative, in favor of the assessee and against the revenue, and directed the Commissioner to pay the costs of the reference to the assessee.
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