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Issues Involved:
1. Whether the ITO's orders were erroneous and prejudicial to the interests of the revenue for not including interest receivable by the assessee from Bihar Alloy Steels Ltd. on a mercantile basis. 2. Whether the ITO's orders were erroneous and prejudicial to the interests of the revenue for not disallowing amalgamation expenses of a capital nature. 3. The validity of the assessee's change in the method of accounting from mercantile to cash basis for interest receivable. Issue-Wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Interest Receivable from Bihar Alloy Steels Ltd. on Mercantile Basis: The Commissioner held that the ITO's orders were erroneous and prejudicial to the interests of the revenue because they did not include interest receivable by the assessee from Bihar Alloy Steels Ltd. amounting to Rs. 1,38,011 for the assessment year 1976-77 and Rs. 1,76,000 for the assessment year 1977-78 on a mercantile basis. The Commissioner argued that the amounts were debited in the profit and loss account of Bihar Alloy Steels Ltd. and should have been included in the assessee's income. The Commissioner also noted that the assessee unilaterally changed its method of accounting for interest from mercantile to cash, while the debtor-company did not change its method of accounting. The assessee's counsel argued that the debtor-company had foregone the claim for interest and did not appeal against the ITO's orders disallowing the interest payable on a mercantile basis. The counsel stated that there was an understanding between the Birla group companies and the department to account for interest on a cash basis. Evidence was provided, including a letter from Birla Jute Manufacturing Co. Ltd. to the Commissioner (Central), Calcutta, indicating that the department had agreed not to assess interest on an accrual basis. The Tribunal found that there was no change in the method of accounting for interest on loans to Bihar Alloy Steels Ltd., as the assessee had decided to account for interest on a cash basis from the first year of the loan. The Tribunal also noted that other Birla group companies followed the same practice, and the department had accepted this method for other companies. The Tribunal held that the Commissioner was not justified in finding the ITO's orders erroneous and prejudicial to the interests of the revenue. 2. Disallowance of Amalgamation Expenses: The Commissioner had also held that the ITO's orders were erroneous for not disallowing amalgamation expenses of Rs. 18,567 for the assessment year 1976-77 and Rs. 20,101 for the assessment year 1977-78, which were of a capital nature. However, the assessee's counsel did not press this ground, and the Tribunal did not address it further. 3. Change in Method of Accounting: The Commissioner argued that the assessee's unilateral change in the method of accounting for interest from mercantile to cash was not justified. The assessee's counsel contended that under section 145 of the Act, the assessee was at liberty to follow different methods of accounting for different sources of income. The counsel cited several High Court decisions, including Snow White Food Products Co. Ltd. v. CIT and Reform Flour Mills (P.) Ltd. v. CIT, to support the argument that the change in the method of accounting did not require approval from the income-tax authorities and was valid if followed consistently. The Tribunal found that the assessee had consistently followed the cash basis for accounting interest from the first year of the loan to Bihar Alloy Steels Ltd. The Tribunal also noted that the ITO had accepted the cash basis for other receipts, such as guarantee commission and adviser's remuneration. The Tribunal held that the Commissioner had not established that the ITO's orders were erroneous, even if they were prejudicial to the interests of the revenue. Conclusion: The Tribunal concluded that the Commissioner was not justified in observing that the ITO's orders were erroneous and prejudicial to the interests of the revenue for not including the interest receivable from Bihar Alloy Steels Ltd. on a mercantile basis. The Tribunal vacated the Commissioner's finding and restored the ITO's orders for the assessment years 1976-77 and 1977-78. The appeals were allowed in part.
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