Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2018 - [F. No. 01/01/2009-CL-V(Part VI)] - Companies Law

MINISTRY OF CORPORATE AFFAIRS NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 28.03.2018 G.S.R. 310 (E). -In exercise of the powers conferred by section 133 read with section 469 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) and sub-section (1) of section 210A of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), the Central Government, in consultation with the National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards, hereby makes the following rules further to amend the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 , namely:- 1. Short title and commencement.- (1) These rules may be called the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2018. (2) These rules shall come into force from the 1st day of April, 2018. 2. In the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (hereinafter referred to as the principal rules), in the Annexure , under the heading B. Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) ,- I. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 101 , - (i) after paragraph 33, the following shall be inserted, namely:- Effective Date 34 * 35 * 36 * 37 * 38 * 39 * 39A * 39B * 39C * 39D * 39E * 39F * 39G * 39H * 39I * 39J * 39K * 39L * 39M * 39N * 39O * 39P * 39Q * 39R * 39S * 39T * 39U * 39V * 39W * 39X As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraphs D1(m),(u), D22 and heading after paragraph D33 are amended, paragraphs D34-D35 are added and earlier paragraph D36 in context of Transfer of assets from customers is deleted. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. 39Y * 39Z * 39AA * 39AB * 39AC Appendix B, Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration of Ind AS 21 added paragraph D36 in context of foreign currency transactions and advance consideration and in paragraph D1, renumbered item (v) as (ua) and a new item (v) is added in its place. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies Appendix B of Ind AS 21. (ii) in Appendix D,- (a) in paragraph D1, - (i) for item (m), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (m) financial assets or intangible assets accounted for in accordance with Appendix D to Ind AS 115 Service Concession Arrangements (paragraph D22); ; (ii) for item (u), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (u) revenue (paragraphs D34-D35); ; (iii) item (v) shall be renumbered as item (ua) and after item (ua) as so renumbered the following item shall be inserted, namely:- (v) foreign currency transactions and advance consideration (paragraph D36). ; (b) for the heading occurring after paragraph D21A, the following heading shall be substituted, namely:- Financial assets or intangible assets accounted for in accordance with Appendix D, Service Concession Arrangements to Ind AS 115 (c) in paragraph D22, in the opening portion, for the words and letters Appendix A to Ind AS 11 , the following words and letters shall be substituted, namely:- Appendix D to Ind AS 115 (d) After paragraph D33, the following shall be inserted, namely:- Revenue D34 A first-time adopter may apply the transition provisions in paragraph C5 of Ind AS 115. In those paragraphs references to the date of initial application shall be interpreted as the beginning of the first Ind AS reporting period. If a first-time adopter decides to apply those transition provisions, it shall also apply paragraph C6 of Ind AS 115. D35 A first-time adopter is not required to restate contracts that were completed before the earliest period presented. A completed contract is a contract for which the entity has transferred all of the goods or services identified in accordance with previous GAAP. ; (e) for paragraph D36 the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely;-. Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration D36 A first-time adopter need not apply Appendix B, Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration of Ind AS 21 to assets, expenses and income in the scope of that Appendix initially recognised before the date of transition to Ind AS Standards. (iii) in Appendix 1, for paragraph 14, following paragraph shall be substituted namely;- 14. Paragraphs 34 to 39W and 39Y to 39AB have not been included in Ind AS 101 as these paragraphs relate to effective date and are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IFRS 1, these paragraph numbers have been retained in Ind AS 101. ; II. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 103 , - (i) for paragraphs 56, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 56 After initial recognition and until the liability is settled, cancelled or expires, the acquirer shall measure a contingent liability recognised in a business combination at the higher of : (a) the amount that would be recognised in accordance with Ind AS 37; and (b) the amount initially recognised less, if appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognised in accordance with the principles of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This requirement does not apply to contracts accounted for in accordance with Ind AS 109. ; (ii) after paragraph 63, the following shall be inserted, namely:- Effective Date 64 * 64A * 64B * 64C * 64D * 64E * 64F * 64G * 64H * 64I * 64J * 64K As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, paragraph 56 has been amended. An entity shall follow the amendment when it applies Ind AS 115. ; (iii) in Appendix 1, after paragraph 4, the following paragraph shall be inserted, namely:- 5. Paragraphs 64 to 64J related to effective date have not been included in Ind AS 103 as these are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IFRS 3, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 103. ; III. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 104 ,- (A) in paragraph 4,- (i) for item (a), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (a) product warranties issued directly by a manufacturer, dealer or retailer (see Ind AS 115 , Revenue from Contracts with Customers and Ind AS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets ). ; (ii) for item (c), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (c) contractual rights or contractual obligations that are contingent on the future use of, or right to use, a non-financial item (for example, some licence fees, royalties, contingent lease payments and similar items), as well as a lessee s residual value guarantee embedded in a finance lease (see Ind AS 17, Leases , Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and Ind AS 38, Intangible Assets ). (B) after paragraph 39A, the following shall be inserted, namely,- Effective Date 40 * 41 * 41A * 41B * 41C * 41D * 41E * 41F * 41G As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraphs 4(a) and (c), B7(b), B18(h) and B21 are amended. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. (C) in Appendix B,- (a) in paragraph B7, for item (b), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (b) If Ind AS 115 applied, the service provider would recognise revenue when (or as) it transfers services to the customer ( subject to other specified criteria). That approach is also acceptable under this Ind AS, which permits the service provider (i) to continue its existing accounting policies for these contracts unless they involve practices prohibited by paragraph 14 and (ii) to improve its accounting policies if so permitted by paragraphs 22 30. ; (b) in paragraph B18, for item (h), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (h) product warranties. Product warranties issued by another party for goods sold by a manufacturer, dealer or retailer are within the scope of this Ind AS. However, product warranties issued directly by a manufacturer, dealer or retailer are outside its scope, because they are within the scope of Ind AS 115 and Ind AS 37. ; (c) for paragraph B21, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- B21 If the contracts described in paragraph B19 do not create financial assets or financial liabilities, Ind AS 115 applies. Under Ind AS 115, revenue is recognised when (or as) an entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled . (D) in Appendix 1, after paragraph 3, the following paragraph shall be inserted, namely:- 4. Paragraphs 40 to 41F related to effective date have not been included in Ind AS 104 as these are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IFRS 4, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 104. ; IV. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 107 ,- (i) for paragraph 5A, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 5A The credit risk disclosure requirements in paragraphs 35A to 35N apply to those rights that Ind AS 115 , Revenue from Contracts with Customers specifies are accounted for in accordance with Ind AS 109 for the purposes of recognising impairment gains or losses. Any reference to financial assets or financial instruments in these paragraphs shall include those rights unless otherwise specified. ; (ii) in Appendix C, for paragraph 2, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 2. Appendix D, Service Concession Arrangements, contained in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ; V. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 109 , - (i) in paragraph 2.1, for item (j), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (j) rights and obligations within the scope of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, that are financial instruments, except for those that Ind AS 115 specifies are accounted for in accordance with this Standard. ; (ii) for paragraph 2.2, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 2.2 The impairment requirements of this Standard shall be applied to those rights that Ind AS 115 specifies are accounted for in accordance with this Standard for the purposes of recognising impairment gains or losses. ; (iii) in paragraph 4.2.1,- (a) in item (c), for sub-item(ii), the following sub-item shall be substituted, namely:- (ii) the amount initially recognised (see paragraph 5.1.1) less, when appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognised in accordance with the principles of Ind AS 115. ; (b) in item (d), for sub-item(ii), the following sub-item shall be substituted, namely:- (ii) the amount initially recognised (see paragraph 5.1.1) less, when appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognised in accordance with the principles of Ind AS 115. ; (iv) for paragraph 5.1.1, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 5.1.1 Except for trade receivables within the scope of paragraph 5.1.3, at initial recognition, an entity shall measure a financial asset or financial liability at its fair value plus or minus, in the case of a financial asset or financial liability not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability. ; (v) after paragraph 5.1.2, the following paragraph shall be inserted, namely:- 5.1.3 Despite the requirement in paragraph 5.1.1, at initial recognition, an entity shall measure trade receivables at their transaction price (as defined in Ind AS 115) if the trade receivables do not contain a significant financing component in accordance with Ind AS 115 (or when the entity applies the practical expedient in accordance with paragraph 63 of Ind AS 115). ; (vi) for paragraph 5.5.1, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 5.5.1 An entity shall recognise a loss allowance for expected credit losses on a financial asset that is measured in accordance with paragraphs 4.1.2 or 4.1.2A, a lease receivable, a contract asset or a loan commitment and a financial guarantee contract to which the impairment requirements apply in accordance with paragraphs 2.1(g), 4.2.1(c) or 4.2.1(d). ; (vii) for paragraph 5.5.15, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 5.5.15 Despite paragraphs 5.5.3 and 5.5.5, an entity shall always measure the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses for: (a) trade receivables or contract asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 115, and that: (i) do not contain a significant financing component in accordance with Ind AS 115 (or when the entity applies the practical expedient in accordance with paragraph 63 of Ind AS 115); or (ii) contain a significant financing component in accordance with Ind AS 115, if the entity chooses as its accounting policy to measure the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses. That accounting policy shall be applied to all such trade receivables or contract assets but may be applied separately to trade receivables and contract assets. (b) lease receivables that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 17, if the entity chooses as its accounting policy to measure the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses. That accounting policy shall be applied to all lease receivables but may be applied separately to finance and operating lease receivables. ; (viii) after chapter 6, the following chapter shall be inserted, namely:- Chapter 7 Effective date and transition Effective Date (Section 7.1) 7.1.1 * 7.1.2 * 7.1.3 * 7.1.4 As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraphs 2.1, 2.2, 4.2.1, 5.1.1, 5.5.1, 5.5.15, Appendix A and Appendix B were amended. Paragraph 5.1.3 and a definition in Appendix A are added. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. ; (ix) in Appendix A,- (a) after the definition amortised costs of a financial asset or financial liability , for the definition of contract assets the following definition shall be substituted, namely:- contract assets Those rights that Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, specifies are accounted for in accordance with this Standard for the purposes of recognising and measuring impairment gains or losses. ; (b) after the definition transaction costs , the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- The following terms are defined in paragraph 11 of Ind AS 32, Appendix A of Ind AS 107, Appendix A of Ind AS 113 or Appendix A of Ind AS 115 and are used in this Standard with the meanings specified in Ind AS 32, Ind AS 107, Ind AS 113 or Ind AS 115: (a) credit risk; 1 (b) equity instrument; (c) fair value; (d) financial asset; (e) financial instrument; (f) financial liability; (g) transaction price. ; 1 This term (as defined in Ind AS 107) is used in the requirements for presenting the effects of changes in credit risk on liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss (see paragraph 5.7.7). (x) in Appendix B, (1) for paragraph B2.2, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- B2.2 This Standard does not change the requirements relating to royalty agreements based on the volume of sales or service revenues that are accounted for under Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . ; (2) in paragraph B2.5,- (i) in item (a), for sub-item (ii), the following sub-item shall be substituted, namely:- (ii) the amount initially recognised less, when appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognised in accordance with the principles of Ind AS 115 [see paragraph 4.2.1(c)]. ; (ii) for item (c), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (c) If a financial guarantee contract was issued in connection with the sale of goods, the issuer applies Ind AS 115 in determining when it recognises the revenue from the guarantee and from the sale of goods. ; (3) for paragraph B3.2.1, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- B3.2.1 The following flow chart illustrates the evaluation of whether and to what extent a financial asset is derecognised. (4) in paragraph B3.2.13, for item (a), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (a) If a guarantee provided by an entity to pay for default losses on a transferred asset prevents the transferred asset from being derecognised to the extent of the continuing involvement, the transferred asset at the date of the transfer is measured at the lower of (i) the carrying amount of the asset and (ii) the maximum amount of the consideration received in the transfer that the entity could be required to repay ( the guarantee amount ). The associated liability is initially measured at the guarantee amount plus the fair value of the guarantee (which is normally the consideration received for the guarantee). Subsequently, the initial fair value of the guarantee is recognised in profit or loss when (or as) the obligation is satisfied (in accordance with the principles of Ind AS 115) and the carrying value of the asset is reduced by any loss allowance. ; (5) for paragraph B5.4.3, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- B5.4.3 Fees that are not an integral part of the effective interest rate of a financial instrument and are accounted for in accordance with Ind AS 115 include: (a) fees charged for servicing a loan; (b) commitment fees to originate a loan when the loan commitment is not measured in accordance with paragraph 4.2.1(a) and it is unlikely that a specific lending arrangement will be entered into; and (c) loan syndication fees received by an entity that arranges a loan and retains no part of the loan package for itself (or retains a part at the same effective interest rate for comparable risk as other participants). ; (xi) in Appendix E, for paragraph 2, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 2. Appendix D, Service Concession Arrangements contained in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ; (xii) in Appendix 1, for paragraph 3 the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 3. Paragraphs 7.1.1 to 7.1.3 related to effective date have not been included in Ind AS 109 as these paragraphs are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IFRS 9, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 109. ; VI. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 112 , - (i) after paragraph 5, the following paragraph shall be inserted, namely:- 5A Except as described in paragraph B17, the requirements in this Ind AS apply to an entity s interests listed in paragraph 5 that are classified (or included in a disposal group that is classified) as held for sale or discontinued operations in accordance with Ind AS 105, Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations. ; (ii) in Appendix B, for paragraph B17, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- B17 When an entity s interest in a subsidiary, a joint venture or an associate (or a portion of its interest in a joint venture or an associate) is classified (or included in a disposal group that is classified) as held for sale in accordance with Ind AS 105, the entity is not required to disclose summarised financial information for that subsidiary, joint venture or associate in accordance with paragraphs B10 B16. ; (iii) after Appendix B, the following Appendix shall be inserted, namely:- Appendix C, Effective date and transition This appendix is an integral part of the Ind AS and has the same authority as the other parts of the Ind AS Effective date and transition C1 * C1A * C1B * C1C * C1D Annual improvements to Ind AS - Amendments in Ind AS 112 and 28, added paragraph 5A and amended paragraph B17. An entity shall apply those amendments retrospectively in accordance with Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, for annual periods beginning on or after 1st April, 2018. ; (iv) in Appendix 1, after paragraph 1, the following paragraph shall be inserted, namely:- 2. Paragraphs C1 to C1C of Appendix C, have not been included as these paragraphs relate to effective date and transition that are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IFRS 12, the paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 112. ; VII. after Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 114, the following shall be inserted, namely:-. Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (The Indian Accounting Standard includes paragraphs set in bold type and plain type, which have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold type indicate the main principles. Objective 1 The objective of this Standard is to establish the principles that an entity shall apply to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from a contract with a customer . Meeting the objective 2 To meet the objective in paragraph 1, the core principle of this Standard is that an entity shall recognise revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. 3 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract and all relevant facts and circumstances when applying this Standard. An entity shall apply this Standard, including the use of any practical expedients, consistently to contracts with similar characteristics and in similar circumstances. 4 This Standard specifies the accounting for an individual contract with a customer. However, as a practical expedient, an entity may apply this Standard to a portfolio of contracts (or performance obligations ) with similar characteristics if the entity reasonably expects that the effects on the financial statements of applying this Standard to the portfolio would not differ materially from applying this Standard to the individual contracts (or performance obligations) within that portfolio. When accounting for a portfolio, an entity shall use estimates and assumptions that reflect the size and composition of the portfolio. Scope 5 An entity shall apply this Standard to all contracts with customers, except the following: (a) lease contracts within the scope of Ind AS 17, Leases ; (b) insurance contracts within the scope of Ind AS 104, Insurance Contracts ; (c) financial instruments and other contractual rights or obligations within the scope of Ind AS 109, Financial Instruments , Ind AS 110, Consolidated Financial Statements , Ind AS 111, Joint Arrangements , Ind AS 27, Separate Financial Statements and Ind AS 28, Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures ; and (d) non-monetary exchanges between entities in the same line of business to facilitate sales to customers or potential customers. For example, this Standard would not apply to a contract between two oil companies that agree to an exchange of oil to fulfil demand from their customers in different specified locations on a timely basis. 6 An entity shall apply this Standard to a contract (other than a contract listed in paragraph 5) only if the counterparty to the contract is a customer. A customer is a party that has contracted with an entity to obtain goods or services that are an output of the entity s ordinary activities in exchange for consideration. A counterparty to the contract would not be a customer if, for example, the counterparty has contracted with the entity to participate in an activity or process in which the parties to the contract share in the risks and benefits that result from the activity or process (such as developing an asset in a collaboration arrangement) rather than to obtain the output of the entity s ordinary activities. 7 A contract with a customer may be partially within the scope of this Standard and partially within the scope of other Standards listed in paragraph 5. (a) If the other Standards specify how to separate and/or initially measure one or more parts of the contract, then an entity shall first apply the separation and/or measurement requirements in those Standards. An entity shall exclude from the transaction price the amount of the part (or parts) of the contract that are initially measured in accordance with other Standards and shall apply paragraphs 73 86 to allocate the amount of the transaction price that remains (if any) to each performance obligation within the scope of this Standard and to any other parts of the contract identified by paragraph 7(b). (b) If the other Standards do not specify how to separate and/or initially measure one or more parts of the contract, then the entity shall apply this Standard to separate and/or initially measure the part (or parts) of the contract. 8 This Standard specifies the accounting for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer and for the costs incurred to fulfil a contract with a customer if those costs are not within the scope of another Standard (see paragraphs 91 104). An entity shall apply those paragraphs only to the costs incurred that relate to a contract with a customer (or part of that contract) that is within the scope of this Standard. Recognition Identifying the contract 9 An entity shall account for a contract with a customer that is within the scope of this Standard only when all of the following criteria are met: (a) the parties to the contract have approved the contract (in writing, orally or in accordance with other customary business practices) and are committed to perform their respective obligations; (b) the entity can identify each party s rights regarding the goods or services to be transferred; (c) the entity can identify the payment terms for the goods or services to be transferred; (d) the contract has commercial substance (ie the risk, timing or amount of the entity s future cash flows is expected to change as a result of the contract); and (e) it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer. In evaluating whether collectability of an amount of consideration is probable, an entity shall consider only the customer s ability and intention to pay that amount of consideration when it is due. The amount of consideration to which the entity will be entitled may be less than the price stated in the contract if the consideration is variable because the entity may offer the customer a price concession (see paragraph 52). 10 A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights and obligations. Enforceability of the rights and obligations in a contract is a matter of law. Contracts can be written, oral or implied by an entity s customary business practices. The practices and processes for establishing contracts with customers vary across legal jurisdictions, industries and entities. In addition, they may vary within an entity (for example, they may depend on the class of customer or the nature of the promised goods or services). An entity shall consider those practices and processes in determining whether and when an agreement with a customer creates enforceable rights and obligations. 11 Some contracts with customers may have no fixed duration and can be terminated or modified by either party at any time. Other contracts may automatically renew on a periodic basis that is specified in the contract. An entity shall apply this Standard to the duration of the contract (ie the contractual period) in which the parties to the contract have present enforceable rights and obligations. 12 For the purpose of applying this Standard, a contract does not exist if each party to the contract has the unilateral enforceable right to terminate a wholly unperformed contract without compensating the other party (or parties). A contract is wholly unperformed if both of the following criteria are met: (a) the entity has not yet transferred any promised goods or services to the customer; and (b) the entity has not yet received, and is not yet entitled to receive, any consideration in exchange for promised goods or services. 13 If a contract with a customer meets the criteria in paragraph 9 at contract inception, an entity shall not reassess those criteria unless there is an indication of a significant change in facts and circumstances. For example, if a customer s ability to pay the consideration deteriorates significantly, an entity would reassess whether it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which the entity will be entitled in exchange for the remaining goods or services that will be transferred to the customer. 14 If a contract with a customer does not meet the criteria in paragraph 9, an entity shall continue to assess the contract to determine whether the criteria in paragraph 9 are subsequently met. 15 When a contract with a customer does not meet the criteria in paragraph 9 and an entity receives consideration from the customer, the entity shall recognise the consideration received as revenue only when either of the following events has occurred: (a) the entity has no remaining obligations to transfer goods or services to the customer and all, or substantially all, of the consideration promised by the customer has been received by the entity and is non-refundable; or (b) the contract has been terminated and the consideration received from the customer is non-refundable. 16 An entity shall recognise the consideration received from a customer as a liability until one of the events in paragraph 15 occurs or until the criteria in paragraph 9 are subsequently met (see paragraph 14). Depending on the facts and circumstances relating to the contract, the liability recognised represents the entity s obligation to either transfer goods or services in the future or refund the consideration received. In either case, the liability shall be measured at the amount of consideration received from the customer. Combination of contracts 17 An entity shall combine two or more contracts entered into at or near the same time with the same customer (or related parties of the customer) and account for the contracts as a single contract if one or more of the following criteria are met: (a) the contracts are negotiated as a package with a single commercial objective; (b) the amount of consideration to be paid in one contract depends on the price or performance of the other contract; or (c) the goods or services promised in the contracts (or some goods or services promised in each of the contracts) are a single performance obligation in accordance with paragraphs 22 30. Contract modifications 18 A contract modification is a change in the scope or price (or both) of a contract that is approved by the parties to the contract. In some industries and jurisdictions, a contract modification may be described as a change order, a variation or an amendment. A contract modification exists when the parties to a contract approve a modification that either creates new or changes existing enforceable rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. A contract modification could be approved in writing, by oral agreement or implied by customary business practices. If the parties to the contract have not approved a contract modification, an entity shall continue to apply this Standard to the existing contract until the contract modification is approved. 19 A contract modification may exist even though the parties to the contract have a dispute about the scope or price (or both) of the modification or the parties have approved a change in the scope of the contract but have not yet determined the corresponding change in price. In determining whether the rights and obligations that are created or changed by a modification are enforceable, an entity shall consider all relevant facts and circumstances including the terms of the contract and other evidence. If the parties to a contract have approved a change in the scope of the contract but have not yet determined the corresponding change in price, an entity shall estimate the change to the transaction price arising from the modification in accordance with paragraphs 50 54 on estimating variable consideration and paragraphs 56 58 on constraining estimates of variable consideration. 20 An entity shall account for a contract modification as a separate contract if both of the following conditions are present: (a) the scope of the contract increases because of the addition of promised goods or services that are distinct (in accordance with paragraphs 26 30); and (b) the price of the contract increases by an amount of consideration that reflects the entity s stand-alone selling prices of the additional promised goods or services and any appropriate adjustments to that price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract. For example, an entity may adjust the stand-alone selling price of an additional good or service for a discount that the customer receives, because it is not necessary for the entity to incur the selling-related costs that it would incur when selling a similar good or service to a new customer. 21 If a contract modification is not accounted for as a separate contract in accordance with paragraph 20, an entity shall account for the promised goods or services not yet transferred at the date of the contract modification (ie the remaining promised goods or services) in whichever of the following ways is applicable: (a) An entity shall account for the contract modification as if it were a termination of the existing contract and the creation of a new contract, if the remaining goods or services are distinct from the goods or services transferred on or before the date of the contract modification. The amount of consideration to be allocated to the remaining performance obligations (or to the remaining distinct goods or services in a single performance obligation identified in accordance with paragraph 22(b)) is the sum of: (i) the consideration promised by the customer (including amounts already received from the customer) that was included in the estimate of the transaction price and that had not been recognised as revenue; and (ii) the consideration promised as part of the contract modification. (b) An entity shall account for the contract modification as if it were a part of the existing contract if the remaining goods or services are not distinct and, therefore, form part of a single performance obligation that is partially satisfied at the date of the contract modification. The effect that the contract modification has on the transaction price, and on the entity s measure of progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, is recognised as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) at the date of the contract modification (ie the adjustment to revenue is made on a cumulative catch-up basis). (c) If the remaining goods or services are a combination of items (a) and (b), then the entity shall account for the effects of the modification on the unsatisfied (including partially unsatisfied) performance obligations in the modified contract in a manner that is consistent with the objectives of this paragraph. Identifying performance obligations 22 At contract inception, an entity shall assess the goods or services promised in a contract with a customer and shall identify as a performance obligation each promise to transfer to the customer either: (a) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or (b) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer (see paragraph 23). 23 A series of distinct goods or services has the same pattern of transfer to the customer if both of the following criteria are met: (a) each distinct good or service in the series that the entity promises to transfer to the customer would meet the criteria in paragraph 35 to be a performance obligation satisfied over time; and (b) in accordance with paragraphs 39 40, the same method would be used to measure the entity s progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation to transfer each distinct good or service in the series to the customer. Promises in contracts with customers 24 A contract with a customer generally explicitly states the goods or services that an entity promises to transfer to a customer. However, the performance obligations identified in a contract with a customer may not be limited to the goods or services that are explicitly stated in that contract. This is because a contract with a customer may also include promises that are implied by an entity s customary business practices, published policies or specific statements if, at the time of entering into the contract, those promises create a valid expectation of the customer that the entity will transfer a good or service to the customer. 25 Performance obligations do not include activities that an entity must undertake to fulfil a contract unless those activities transfer a good or service to a customer. For example, a services provider may need to perform various administrative tasks to set up a contract. The performance of those tasks does not transfer a service to the customer as the tasks are performed. Therefore, those setup activities are not a performance obligation. Distinct goods or services 26 Depending on the contract, promised goods or services may include, but are not limited to, the following: (a) sale of goods produced by an entity (for example, inventory of a manufacturer); (b) resale of goods purchased by an entity (for example, merchandise of a retailer); (c) resale of rights to goods or services purchased by an entity (for example, a ticket resold by an entity acting as a principal, as described in paragraphs B34 B38); (d) performing a contractually agreed-upon task (or tasks) for a customer; (e) providing a service of standing ready to provide goods or services (for example, unspecified updates to software that are provided on a when-and-if-available basis) or of making goods or services available for a customer to use as and when the customer decides; (f) providing a service of arranging for another party to transfer goods or services to a customer (for example, acting as an agent of another party, as described in paragraphs B34 B38); (g) granting rights to goods or services to be provided in the future that a customer can resell or provide to its customer (for example, an entity selling a product to a retailer promises to transfer an additional good or service to an individual who purchases the product from the retailer); (h) constructing, manufacturing or developing an asset on behalf of a customer; (i) granting licences (see paragraphs B52 B63B); and (j) granting options to purchase additional goods or services (when those options provide a customer with a material right, as described in paragraphs B39 B43). 27 A good or service that is promised to a customer is distinct if both of the following criteria are met: (a) the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer (ie the good or service is capable of being distinct); and (b) the entity s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (ie the promise to transfer the good or service is distinct within the context of the contract). 28 A customer can benefit from a good or service in accordance with paragraph 27(a) if the good or service could be used, consumed, sold for an amount that is greater than scrap value or otherwise held in a way that generates economic benefits. For some goods or services, a customer may be able to benefit from a good or service on its own. For other goods or services, a customer may be able to benefit from the good or service only in conjunction with other readily available resources. A readily available resource is a good or service that is sold separately (by the entity or another entity) or a resource that the customer has already obtained from the entity (including goods or services that the entity will have already transferred to the customer under the contract) or from other transactions or events. Various factors may provide evidence that the customer can benefit from a good or service either on its own or in conjunction with other readily available resources. For example, the fact that the entity regularly sells a good or service separately would indicate that a customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or with other readily available resources. 29 In assessing whether an entity s promises to transfer goods or services to the customer are separately identifiable in accordance with paragraph 27(b), the objective is to determine whether the nature of the promise, within the context of the contract, is to transfer each of those goods or services individually or, instead, to transfer a combined item or items to which the promised goods or services are inputs. Factors that indicate that two or more promises to transfer goods or services to a customer are not separately identifiable include, but are not limited to, the following: (a) the entity provides a significant service of integrating the goods or services with other goods or services promised in the contract into a bundle of goods or services that represent the combined output or outputs for which the customer has contracted. In other words, the entity is using the goods or services as inputs to produce or deliver the combined output or outputs specified by the customer. A combined output or outputs might include more than one phase, element or unit. (b) one or more of the goods or services significantly modifies or customises, or are significantly modified or customised by, one or more of the other goods or services promised in the contract. (c) the goods or services are highly interdependent or highly interrelated. In other words, each of the goods or services is significantly affected by one or more of the other goods or services in the contract. For example, in some cases, two or more goods or services are significantly affected by each other because the entity would not be able to fulfil its promise by transferring each of the goods or services independently. 30 If a promised good or service is not distinct, an entity shall combine that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct. In some cases, that would result in the entity accounting for all the goods or services promised in a contract as a single performance obligation. Satisfaction of performance obligations 31 An entity shall recognise revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service (ie an asset) to a customer. An asset is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that asset. 32 For each performance obligation identified in accordance with paragraphs 22 30, an entity shall determine at contract inception whether it satisfies the performance obligation over time (in accordance with paragraphs 35 37) or satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time (in accordance with paragraph 38). If an entity does not satisfy a performance obligation over time, the performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time. 33 Goods and services are assets, even if only momentarily, when they are received and used (as in the case of many services). Control of an asset refers to the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset. Control includes the ability to prevent other entities from directing the use of, and obtaining the benefits from, an asset. The benefits of an asset are the potential cash flows (inflows or savings in outflows) that can be obtained directly or indirectly in many ways, such as by: (a) using the asset to produce goods or provide services (including public services); (b) using the asset to enhance the value of other assets; (c) using the asset to settle liabilities or reduce expenses; (d) selling or exchanging the asset; (e) pledging the asset to secure a loan; and (f) holding the asset. 34 When evaluating whether a customer obtains control of an asset, an entity shall consider any agreement to repurchase the asset (see paragraphs B64 B76). Performance obligations satisfied over time 35 An entity transfers control of a good or service over time and, therefore, satisfies a performance obligation and recognises revenue over time, if one of the following criteria is met: (a) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the entity s performance as the entity performs (see paragraphs B3 B4); (b) the entity s performance creates or enhances an asset (for example, work in progress) that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced (see paragraph B5); or (c) the entity s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity (see paragraph 36) and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date (see paragraph 37). 36 An asset created by an entity s performance does not have an alternative use to an entity if the entity is either restricted contractually from readily directing the asset for another use during the creation or enhancement of that asset or limited practically from readily directing the asset in its completed state for another use. The assessment of whether an asset has an alternative use to the entity is made at contract inception. After contract inception, an entity shall not update the assessment of the alternative use of an asset unless the parties to the contract approve a contract modification that substantively changes the performance obligation. Paragraphs B6 B8 provide guidance for assessing whether an asset has an alternative use to an entity. 37 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract, as well as any laws that apply to the contract, when evaluating whether it has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date in accordance with paragraph 35(c). The right to payment for performance completed to date does not need to be for a fixed amount. However, at all times throughout the duration of the contract, the entity must be entitled to an amount that at least compensates the entity for performance completed to date if the contract is terminated by the customer or another party for reasons other than the entity s failure to perform as promised. Paragraphs B9 B13 provide guidance for assessing the existence and enforceability of a right to payment and whether an entity s right to payment would entitle the entity to be paid for its performance completed to date. Performance obligations satisfied at a point in time 38 If a performance obligation is not satisfied over time in accordance with paragraphs 35 37, an entity satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time. To determine the point in time at which a customer obtains control of a promised asset and the entity satisfies a performance obligation, the entity shall consider the requirements for control in paragraphs 31 34. In addition, an entity shall consider indicators of the transfer of control, which include, but are not limited to, the following: (a) The entity has a present right to payment for the asset-if a customer is presently obliged to pay for an asset, then that may indicate that the customer has obtained the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset in exchange. (b) The customer has legal title to the asset-legal title may indicate which party to a contract has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, an asset or to restrict the access of other entities to those benefits. Therefore, the transfer of legal title of an asset may indicate that the customer has obtained control of the asset. If an entity retains legal title solely as protection against the customer s failure to pay, those rights of the entity would not preclude the customer from obtaining control of an asset. (c) The entity has transferred physical possession of the asset-the customer s physical possession of an asset may indicate that the customer has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset or to restrict the access of other entities to those benefits. However, physical possession may not coincide with control of an asset. For example, in some repurchase agreements and in some consignment arrangements, a customer or consignee may have physical possession of an asset that the entity controls. Conversely, in some bill-and-hold arrangements, the entity may have physical possession of an asset that the customer controls. Paragraphs B64 B76, B77 B78 and B79 B82 provide guidance on accounting for repurchase agreements, consignment arrangements and bill-and-hold arrangements, respectively. (d) The customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the asset-the transfer of the significant risks and rewards of ownership of an asset to the customer may indicate that the customer has obtained the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset. However, when evaluating the risks and rewards of ownership of a promised asset, an entity shall exclude any risks that give rise to a separate performance obligation in addition to the performance obligation to transfer the asset. For example, an entity may have transferred control of an asset to a customer but not yet satisfied an additional performance obligation to provide maintenance services related to the transferred asset. (e) The customer has accepted the asset-the customer s acceptance of an asset may indicate that it has obtained the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset. To evaluate the effect of a contractual customer acceptance clause on when control of an asset is transferred, an entity shall consider the guidance in paragraphs B83 B86. Measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation 39 For each performance obligation satisfied over time in accordance with paragraphs 35 37, an entity shall recognise revenue over time by measuring the progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation. The objective when measuring progress is to depict an entity s performance in transferring control of goods or services promised to a customer (ie the satisfaction of an entity s performance obligation). 40 An entity shall apply a single method of measuring progress for each performance obligation satisfied over time and the entity shall apply that method consistently to similar performance obligations and in similar circumstances. At the end of each reporting period, an entity shall remeasure its progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation satisfied over time. Methods for measuring progress 41 Appropriate methods of measuring progress include output methods and input methods. Paragraphs B14 B19 provide guidance for using output methods and input methods to measure an entity s progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation. In determining the appropriate method for measuring progress, an entity shall consider the nature of the good or service that the entity promised to transfer to the customer. 42 When applying a method for measuring progress, an entity shall exclude from the measure of progress any goods or services for which the entity does not transfer control to a customer. Conversely, an entity shall include in the measure of progress any goods or services for which the entity does transfer control to a customer when satisfying that performance obligation. 43 As circumstances change over time, an entity shall update its measure of progress to reflect any changes in the outcome of the performance obligation. Such changes to an entity s measure of progress shall be accounted for as a change in accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors . Reasonable measures of progress 44 An entity shall recognise revenue for a performance obligation satisfied over time only if the entity can reasonably measure its progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. An entity would not be able to reasonably measure its progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation if it lacks reliable information that would be required to apply an appropriate method of measuring progress. 45 In some circumstances (for example, in the early stages of a contract), an entity may not be able to reasonably measure the outcome of a performance obligation, but the entity expects to recover the costs incurred in satisfying the performance obligation. In those circumstances, the entity shall recognise revenue only to the extent of the costs incurred until such time that it can reasonably measure the outcome of the performance obligation. Measurement 46 When (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied, an entity shall recognise as revenue the amount of the transaction price (which excludes estimates of variable consideration that are constrained in accordance with paragraphs 56 58) that is allocated to that performance obligation. Determining the transaction price 47 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract and its customary business practices to determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties (for example, some sales taxes). The consideration promised in a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both. 48 The nature, timing and amount of consideration promised by a customer affect the estimate of the transaction price. When determining the transaction price, an entity shall consider the effects of all of the following: (a) variable consideration (see paragraphs 50 55 and 59); (b) constraining estimates of variable consideration (see paragraphs 56 58); (c) the existence of a significant financing component in the contract (see paragraphs 60 65); (d) non-cash consideration (see paragraphs 66 69); and (e) consideration payable to a customer (see paragraphs 70 72). 49 For the purpose of determining the transaction price, an entity shall assume that the goods or services will be transferred to the customer as promised in accordance with the existing contract and that the contract will not be cancelled, renewed or modified. Variable consideration 50 If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, an entity shall estimate the amount of consideration to which the entity will be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to a customer. 51 An amount of consideration can vary because of discounts, rebates, refunds, credits, price concessions, incentives, performance bonuses, or other similar items. The promised consideration can also vary if an entity s entitlement to the consideration is contingent on the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event. For example, an amount of consideration would be variable if either a product was sold with a right of return or a fixed amount is promised as a performance bonus on achievement of a specified milestone. 51AA In some contracts, penalties are specified. In such cases, penalties shall be accounted for as per the substance of the contract. Where the penalty is inherent in determination of transaction price, it shall form part of variable consideration. For example, where an entity agrees to transfer control of a good or service in a contact with customer at the end of 30 days for ₹ 1,00,000 and if it exceeds 30 days, the entity is entitled to receive only ₹ 95,000, the reduction of ₹ 5,000 shall be regarded as variable consideration. In other cases, the transaction price shall be considered as fixed. 52 The variability relating to the consideration promised by a customer may be explicitly stated in the contract. In addition to the terms of the contract, the promised consideration is variable if either of the following circumstances exists: (a) the customer has a valid expectation arising from an entity s customary business practices, published policies or specific statements that the entity will accept an amount of consideration that is less than the price stated in the contract. That is, it is expected that the entity will offer a price concession. Depending on the jurisdiction, industry or customer this offer may be referred to as a discount, rebate, refund or credit. (b) other facts and circumstances indicate that the entity s intention, when entering into the contract with the customer, is to offer a price concession to the customer. 53 An entity shall estimate an amount of variable consideration by using either of the following methods, depending on which method the entity expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled: (a) The expected value-the expected value is the sum of probability-weighted amounts in a range of possible consideration amounts. An expected value may be an appropriate estimate of the amount of variable consideration if an entity has a large number of contracts with similar characteristics. (b) The most likely amount-the most likely amount is the single most likely amount in a range of possible consideration amounts (ie the single most likely outcome of the contract). The most likely amount may be an appropriate estimate of the amount of variable consideration if the contract has only two possible outcomes (for example, an entity either achieves a performance bonus or does not). 54 An entity shall apply one method consistently throughout the contract when estimating the effect of an uncertainty on an amount of variable consideration to which the entity will be entitled. In addition, an entity shall consider all the information (historical, current and forecast) that is reasonably available to the entity and shall identify a reasonable number of possible consideration amounts. The information that an entity uses to estimate the amount of variable consideration would typically be similar to the information that the entity s management uses during the bid-and-proposal process and in establishing prices for promised goods or services. Refund liabilities 55 An entity shall recognise a refund liability if the entity receives consideration from a customer and expects to refund some or all of that consideration to the customer. A refund liability is measured at the amount of consideration received (or receivable) for which the entity does not expect to be entitled (ie amounts not included in the transaction price). The refund liability (and corresponding change in the transaction price and, therefore, the contract liability ) shall be updated at the end of each reporting period for changes in circumstances. To account for a refund liability relating to a sale with a right of return, an entity shall apply the guidance in paragraphs B20 B27. Constraining estimates of variable consideration 56 An entity shall include in the transaction price some or all of an amount of variable consideration estimated in accordance with paragraph 53 only to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. 57 In assessing whether it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur once the uncertainty related to the variable consideration is subsequently resolved, an entity shall consider both the likelihood and the magnitude of the revenue reversal. Factors that could increase the likelihood or the magnitude of a revenue reversal include, but are not limited to, any of the following: (a) the amount of consideration is highly susceptible to factors outside the entity s influence. Those factors may include volatility in a market, the judgement or actions of third parties, weather conditions and a high risk of obsolescence of the promised good or service. (b) the uncertainty about the amount of consideration is not expected to be resolved for a long period of time. (c) the entity s experience (or other evidence) with similar types of contracts is limited, or that experience (or other evidence) has limited predictive value. (d) the entity has a practice of either offering a broad range of price concessions or changing the payment terms and conditions of similar contracts in similar circumstances. (e) the contract has a large number and broad range of possible consideration amounts. 58 An entity shall apply paragraph B63 to account for consideration in the form of a sales-based or usage-based royalty that is promised in exchange for a licence of intellectual property. Reassessment of variable consideration 59 At the end of each reporting period, an entity shall update the estimated transaction price (including updating its assessment of whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained) to represent faithfully the circumstances present at the end of the reporting period and the changes in circumstances during the reporting period. The entity shall account for changes in the transaction price in accordance with paragraphs 87 90. The existence of a significant financing component in the contract 60 In determining the transaction price, an entity shall adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of the time value of money if the timing of payments agreed to by the parties to the contract (either explicitly or implicitly) provides the customer or the entity with a significant benefit of financing the transfer of goods or services to the customer. In those circumstances, the contract contains a significant financing component. A significant financing component may exist regardless of whether the promise of financing is explicitly stated in the contract or implied by the payment terms agreed to by the parties to the contract. 61 The objective when adjusting the promised amount of consideration for a significant financing component is for an entity to recognise revenue at an amount that reflects the price that a customer would have paid for the promised goods or services if the customer had paid cash for those goods or services when (or as) they transfer to the customer (ie the cash selling price). An entity shall consider all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether a contract contains a financing component and whether that financing component is significant to the contract, including both of the following: (a) the difference, if any, between the amount of promised consideration and the cash selling price of the promised goods or services; and (b) the combined effect of both of the following: (i) the expected length of time between when the entity transfers the promised goods or services to the customer and when the customer pays for those goods or services; and (ii) the prevailing interest rates in the relevant market. 62 Notwithstanding the assessment in paragraph 61, a contract with a customer would not have a significant financing component if any of the following factors exist: (a) the customer paid for the goods or services in advance and the timing of the transfer of those goods or services is at the discretion of the customer. (b) a substantial amount of the consideration promised by the customer is variable and the amount or timing of that consideration varies on the basis of the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event that is not substantially within the control of the customer or the entity (for example, if the consideration is a sales-based royalty). (c) the difference between the promised consideration and the cash selling price of the good or service (as described in paragraph 61) arises for reasons other than the provision of finance to either the customer or the entity, and the difference between those amounts is proportional to the reason for the difference. For example, the payment terms might provide the entity or the customer with protection from the other party failing to adequately complete some or all of its obligations under the contract. 63 As a practical expedient, an entity need not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if the entity expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the entity transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. 64 To meet the objective in paragraph 61 when adjusting the promised amount of consideration for a significant financing component, an entity shall use the discount rate that would be reflected in a separate financing transaction between the entity and its customer at contract inception. That rate would reflect the credit characteristics of the party receiving financing in the contract, as well as any collateral or security provided by the customer or the entity, including assets transferred in the contract. An entity may be able to determine that rate by identifying the rate that discounts the nominal amount of the promised consideration to the price that the customer would pay in cash for the goods or services when (or as) they transfer to the customer. After contract inception, an entity shall not update the discount rate for changes in interest rates or other circumstances (such as a change in the assessment of the customer s credit risk). 65 An entity shall present the effects of financing (interest revenue or interest expense) separately from revenue from contracts with customers in the statement of profit and loss. Interest revenue or interest expense is recognised only to the extent that a contract asset (or receivable) or a contract liability is recognised in accounting for a contract with a customer. Non-cash consideration 66 To determine the transaction price for contracts in which a customer promises consideration in a form other than cash, an entity shall measure the non-cash consideration (or promise of non-cash consideration) at fair value. 67 If an entity cannot reasonably estimate the fair value of the non-cash consideration, the entity shall measure the consideration indirectly by reference to the stand-alone selling price of the goods or services promised to the customer (or class of customer) in exchange for the consideration. 68 The fair value of the non-cash consideration may vary because of the form of the consideration (for example, a change in the price of a share to which an entity is entitled to receive from a customer). If the fair value of the non-cash consideration promised by a customer varies for reasons other than only the form of the consideration (for example, the fair value could vary because of the entity s performance), an entity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 56 58. 69 If a customer contributes goods or services (for example, materials, equipment or labour) to facilitate an entity s fulfilment of the contract, the entity shall assess whether it obtains control of those contributed goods or services. If so, the entity shall account for the contributed goods or services as non-cash consideration received from the customer. Consideration payable to a customer 70 Consideration payable to a customer includes cash amounts that an entity pays, or expects to pay, to the customer (or to other parties that purchase the entity s goods or services from the customer). Consideration payable to a customer also includes credit or other items (for example, a coupon or voucher) that can be applied against amounts owed to the entity (or to other parties that purchase the entity s goods or services from the customer). An entity shall account for consideration payable to a customer as a reduction of the transaction price and, therefore, of revenue unless the payment to the customer is in exchange for a distinct good or service (as described in paragraphs 26 30) that the customer transfers to the entity. If the consideration payable to a customer includes a variable amount, an entity shall estimate the transaction price (including assessing whether the estimate of variable consideration is constrained) in accordance with paragraphs 50 58. 71 If consideration payable to a customer is a payment for a distinct good or service from the customer, then an entity shall account for the purchase of the good or service in the same way that it accounts for other purchases from suppliers. If the amount of consideration payable to the customer exceeds the fair value of the distinct good or service that the entity receives from the customer, then the entity shall account for such an excess as a reduction of the transaction price. If the entity cannot reasonably estimate the fair value of the good or service received from the customer, it shall account for all of the consideration payable to the customer as a reduction of the transaction price. 72 Accordingly, if consideration payable to a customer is accounted for as a reduction of the transaction price, an entity shall recognise the reduction of revenue when (or as) the later of either of the following events occurs: (a) the entity recognises revenue for the transfer of the related goods or services to the customer; and (b) the entity pays or promises to pay the consideration (even if the payment is conditional on a future event). That promise might be implied by the entity s customary business practices. Allocating the transaction price to performance obligations 73 The objective when allocating the transaction price is for an entity to allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation (or distinct good or service) in an amount that depicts the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to the customer. 74 To meet the allocation objective, an entity shall allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract on a relative stand-alone selling price basis in accordance with paragraphs 76 80, except as specified in paragraphs 81 83 (for allocating discounts) and paragraphs 84 86 (for allocating consideration that includes variable amounts). 75 Paragraphs 76 86 do not apply if a contract has only one performance obligation. However, paragraphs 84 86 may apply if an entity promises to transfer a series of distinct goods or services identified as a single performance obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b) and the promised consideration includes variable amounts. Allocation based on stand-alone selling prices 76 To allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, an entity shall determine the stand-alone selling price at contract inception of the distinct good or service underlying each performance obligation in the contract and allocate the transaction price in proportion to those stand-alone selling prices. 77 The stand-alone selling price is the price at which an entity would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer. The best evidence of a stand-alone selling price is the observable price of a good or service when the entity sells that good or service separately in similar circumstances and to similar customers. A contractually stated price or a list price for a good or service may be (but shall not be presumed to be) the stand-alone selling price of that good or service. 78 If a stand-alone selling price is not directly observable, an entity shall estimate the stand-alone selling price at an amount that would result in the allocation of the transaction price meeting the allocation objective in paragraph 73. When estimating a stand-alone selling price, an entity shall consider all information (including market conditions, entity-specific factors and information about the customer or class of customer) that is reasonably available to the entity. In doing so, an entity shall maximise the use of observable inputs and apply estimation methods consistently in similar circumstances. 79 Suitable methods for estimating the stand-alone selling price of a good or service include, but are not limited to, the following: (a) Adjusted market assessment approach-an entity could evaluate the market in which it sells goods or services and estimate the price that a customer in that market would be willing to pay for those goods or services. That approach might also include referring to prices from the entity s competitors for similar goods or services and adjusting those prices as necessary to reflect the entity s costs and margins. (b) Expected cost plus a margin approach-an entity could forecast its expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation and then add an appropriate margin for that good or service. (c) Residual approach-an entity may estimate the stand-alone selling price by reference to the total transaction price less the sum of the observable stand-alone selling prices of other goods or services promised in the contract. However, an entity may use a residual approach to estimate, in accordance with paragraph 78, the stand-alone selling price of a good or service only if one of the following criteria is met: (i) the entity sells the same good or service to different customers (at or near the same time) for a broad range of amounts (ie the selling price is highly variable because a representative stand-alone selling price is not discernible from past transactions or other observable evidence); or (ii) the entity has not yet established a price for that good or service and the good or service has not previously been sold on a stand-alone basis (ie the selling price is uncertain). 80 A combination of methods may need to be used to estimate the stand-alone selling prices of the goods or services promised in the contract if two or more of those goods or services have highly variable or uncertain stand-alone selling prices. For example, an entity may use a residual approach to estimate the aggregate stand-alone selling price for those promised goods or services with highly variable or uncertain stand-alone selling prices and then use another method to estimate the stand-alone selling prices of the individual goods or services relative to that estimated aggregate stand-alone selling price determined by the residual approach. When an entity uses a combination of methods to estimate the stand-alone selling price of each promised good or service in the contract, the entity shall evaluate whether allocating the transaction price at those estimated stand-alone selling prices would be consistent with the allocation objective in paragraph 73 and the requirements for estimating stand-alone selling prices in paragraph 78. Allocation of a discount 81 A customer receives a discount for purchasing a bundle of goods or services if the sum of the stand-alone selling prices of those promised goods or services in the contract exceeds the promised consideration in a contract. Except when an entity has observable evidence in accordance with paragraph 82 that the entire discount relates to only one or more, but not all, performance obligations in a contract, the entity shall allocate a discount proportionately to all performance obligations in the contract. The proportionate allocation of the discount in those circumstances is a consequence of the entity allocating the transaction price to each performance obligation on the basis of the relative stand-alone selling prices of the underlying distinct goods or services. 82 An entity shall allocate a discount entirely to one or more, but not all, performance obligations in the contract if all of the following criteria are met: (a) the entity regularly sells each distinct good or service (or each bundle of distinct goods or services) in the contract on a stand-alone basis; (b) the entity also regularly sells on a stand-alone basis a bundle (or bundles) of some of those distinct goods or services at a discount to the stand-alone selling prices of the goods or services in each bundle; and (c) the discount attributable to each bundle of goods or services described in paragraph 82(b) is substantially the same as the discount in the contract and an analysis of the goods or services in each bundle provides observable evidence of the performance obligation (or performance obligations) to which the entire discount in the contract belongs. 83 If a discount is allocated entirely to one or more performance obligations in the contract in accordance with paragraph 82, an entity shall allocate the discount before using the residual approach to estimate the stand-alone selling price of a good or service in accordance with paragraph 79(c). Allocation of variable consideration 84 Variable consideration that is promised in a contract may be attributable to the entire contract or to a specific part of the contract, such as either of the following: (a) one or more, but not all, performance obligations in the contract (for example, a bonus may be contingent on an entity transferring a promised good or service within a specified period of time); or (b) one or more, but not all, distinct goods or services promised in a series of distinct goods or services that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b) (for example, the consideration promised for the second year of a two-year cleaning service contract will increase on the basis of movements in a specified inflation index). 85 An entity shall allocate a variable amount (and subsequent changes to that amount) entirely to a performance obligation or to a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b) if both of the following criteria are met: (a) the terms of a variable payment relate specifically to the entity s efforts to satisfy the performance obligation or transfer the distinct good or service (or to a specific outcome from satisfying the performance obligation or transferring the distinct good or service); and (b) allocating the variable amount of consideration entirely to the performance obligation or the distinct good or service is consistent with the allocation objective in paragraph 73 when considering all of the performance obligations and payment terms in the contract. 86 The allocation requirements in paragraphs 73 83 shall be applied to allocate the remaining amount of the transaction price that does not meet the criteria in paragraph 85. Changes in the transaction price 87 After contract inception, the transaction price can change for various reasons, including the resolution of uncertain events or other changes in circumstances that change the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the promised goods or services. 88 An entity shall allocate to the performance obligations in the contract any subsequent changes in the transaction price on the same basis as at contract inception. Consequently, an entity shall not reallocate the transaction price to reflect changes in stand-alone selling prices after contract inception. Amounts allocated to a satisfied performance obligation shall be recognised as revenue, or as a reduction of revenue, in the period in which the transaction price changes. 89 An entity shall allocate a change in the transaction price entirely to one or more, but not all, performance obligations or distinct goods or services promised in a series that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b) only if the criteria in paragraph 85 on allocating variable consideration are met. 90 An entity shall account for a change in the transaction price that arises as a result of a contract modification in accordance with paragraphs 18 21. However, for a change in the transaction price that occurs after a contract modification, an entity shall apply paragraphs 87 89 to allocate the change in the transaction price in whichever of the following ways is applicable: (a) An entity shall allocate the change in the transaction price to the performance obligations identified in the contract before the modification if, and to the extent that, the change in the transaction price is attributable to an amount of variable consideration promised before the modification and the modification is accounted for in accordance with paragraph 21(a). (b) In all other cases in which the modification was not accounted for as a separate contract in accordance with paragraph 20, an entity shall allocate the change in the transaction price to the performance obligations in the modified contract (ie the performance obligations that were unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied immediately after the modification). Contract costs Incremental costs of obtaining a contract 91 An entity shall recognise as an asset the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the entity expects to recover those costs. 92 The incremental costs of obtaining a contract are those costs that an entity incurs to obtain a contract with a customer that it would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained (for example, a sales commission). 93 Costs to obtain a contract that would have been incurred regardless of whether the contract was obtained shall be recognised as an expense when incurred, unless those costs are explicitly chargeable to the customer regardless of whether the contract is obtained. 94 As a practical expedient, an entity may recognise the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortisation period of the asset that the entity otherwise would have recognised is one year or less. Costs to fulfil a contract 95 If the costs incurred in fulfilling a contract with a customer are not within the scope of another Standard (for example, Ind AS 2, Inventories , Ind AS 16, Property, Plant and Equipment or Ind AS 38, Intangible Assets ), an entity shall recognise an asset from the costs incurred to fulfil a contract only if those costs meet all of the following criteria: (a) the costs relate directly to a contract or to an anticipated contract that the entity can specifically identify (for example, costs relating to services to be provided under renewal of an existing contract or costs of designing an asset to be transferred under a specific contract that has not yet been approved); (b) the costs generate or enhance resources of the entity that will be used in satisfying (or in continuing to satisfy) performance obligations in the future; and (c) the costs are expected to be recovered. 96 For costs incurred in fulfilling a contract with a customer that are within the scope of another Standard, an entity shall account for those costs in accordance with those other Standards. 97 Costs that relate directly to a contract (or a specific anticipated contract) include any of the following: (a) direct labour (for example, salaries and wages of employees who provide the promised services directly to the customer); (b) direct materials (for example, supplies used in providing the promised services to a customer); (c) allocations of costs that relate directly to the contract or to contract activities (for example, costs of contract management and supervision, insurance and depreciation of tools and equipment used in fulfilling the contract); (d) costs that are explicitly chargeable to the customer under the contract; and (e) other costs that are incurred only because an entity entered into the contract (for example, payments to subcontractors). 98 An entity shall recognise the following costs as expenses when incurred: (a) general and administrative costs (unless those costs are explicitly chargeable to the customer under the contract, in which case an entity shall evaluate those costs in accordance with paragraph 97); (b) costs of wasted materials, labour or other resources to fulfil the contract that were not reflected in the price of the contract; (c) costs that relate to satisfied performance obligations (or partially satisfied performance obligations) in the contract (ie costs that relate to past performance); and (d) costs for which an entity cannot distinguish whether the costs relate to unsatisfied performance obligations or to satisfied performance obligations (or partially satisfied performance obligations). Amortisation and impairment 99 An asset recognised in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 shall be amortised on a systematic basis that is consistent with the transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates. The asset may relate to goods or services to be transferred under a specific anticipated contract (as described in paragraph 95(a)). 100 An entity shall update the amortisation to reflect a significant change in the entity s expected timing of transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates. Such a change shall be accounted for as a change in accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8. 101 An entity shall recognise an impairment loss in profit or loss to the extent that the carrying amount of an asset recognised in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 exceeds: (a) the remaining amount of consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for the goods or services to which the asset relates; less (b) the costs that relate directly to providing those goods or services and that have not been recognised as expenses (see paragraph 97). 102 For the purposes of applying paragraph 101 to determine the amount of consideration that an entity expects to receive, an entity shall use the principles for determining the transaction price (except for the requirements in paragraphs 56 58 on constraining estimates of variable consideration) and adjust that amount to reflect the effects of the customer s credit risk. 103 Before an entity recognises an impairment loss for an asset recognised in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95, the entity shall recognise any impairment loss for assets related to the contract that are recognised in accordance with another Standard (for example, Ind AS 2, Ind AS 16 and Ind AS 38). After applying the impairment test in paragraph 101, an entity shall include the resulting carrying amount of the asset recognised in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 in the carrying amount of the cash-generating unit to which it belongs for the purpose of applying Ind AS 36, Impairment of Assets, to that cash-generating unit. 104 An entity shall recognise in profit or loss a reversal of some or all of an impairment loss previously recognised in accordance with paragraph 101 when the impairment conditions no longer exist or have improved. The increased carrying amount of the asset shall not exceed the amount that would have been determined (net of amortisation) if no impairment loss had been recognised previously. Presentation 105 When either party to a contract has performed, an entity shall present the contract in the balance sheet as a contract asset or a contract liability, depending on the relationship between the entity s performance and the customer s payment. An entity shall present any unconditional rights to consideration separately as a receivable. 106 If a customer pays consideration, or an entity has a right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (ie a receivable), before the entity transfers a good or service to the customer, the entity shall present the contract as a contract liability when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). A contract liability is an entity s obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the entity has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. 107 If an entity performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, the entity shall present the contract as a contract asset, excluding any amounts presented as a receivable. A contract asset is an entity s right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the entity has transferred to a customer. An entity shall assess a contract asset for impairment in accordance with Ind AS 109. An impairment of a contract asset shall be measured, presented and disclosed on the same basis as a financial asset that is within the scope of Ind AS 109 (see also paragraph 113(b)). 108 A receivable is an entity s right to consideration that is unconditional. A right to consideration is unconditional if only the passage of time is required before payment of that consideration is due. For example, an entity would recognise a receivable if it has a present right to payment even though that amount may be subject to refund in the future. An entity shall account for a receivable in accordance with Ind AS 109. Upon initial recognition of a receivable from a contract with a customer, any difference between the measurement of the receivable in accordance with Ind AS 109 and the corresponding amount of revenue recognised shall be presented as an expense (for example, as an impairment loss). 109 This Standard uses the terms contract asset and contract liability but does not prohibit an entity from using alternative descriptions in the balance sheet for those items. If an entity uses an alternative description for a contract asset, the entity shall provide sufficient information for a user of the financial statements to distinguish between receivables and contract assets. 109AA An entity shall present separately the amount of excise duty included in the revenue recognised in the statement of profit and loss. Disclosure 110 The objective of the disclosure requirements is for an entity to disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. To achieve that objective, an entity shall disclose qualitative and quantitative information about all of the following: (a) its contracts with customers (see paragraphs 113 122); (b) the significant judgements, and changes in the judgements, made in applying this Standard to those contracts (see paragraphs 123 126); and (c) any assets recognised from the costs to obtain or fulfil a contract with a customer in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 (see paragraphs 127 128). 111 An entity shall consider the level of detail necessary to satisfy the disclosure objective and how much emphasis to place on each of the various requirements. An entity shall aggregate or disaggregate disclosures so that useful information is not obscured by either the inclusion of a large amount of insignificant detail or the aggregation of items that have substantially different characteristics. 112 An entity need not disclose information in accordance with this Standard if it has provided the information in accordance with another Standard. Contracts with customers 113 An entity shall disclose all of the following amounts for the reporting period unless those amounts are presented separately in the statement of profit and loss in accordance with other Standards: (a) revenue recognised from contracts with customers, which the entity shall disclose separately from its other sources of revenue; and (b) any impairment losses recognised (in accordance with Ind AS 109) on any receivables or contract assets arising from an entity s contracts with customers, which the entity shall disclose separately from impairment losses from other contracts. Disaggregation of revenue 114 An entity shall disaggregate revenue recognised from contracts with customers into categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. An entity shall apply the guidance in paragraphs B87 B89 when selecting the categories to use to disaggregate revenue. 115 In addition, an entity shall disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understand the relationship between the disclosure of disaggregated revenue (in accordance with paragraph 114) and revenue information that is disclosed for each reportable segment, if the entity applies Ind AS 108, Operating Segments . Contract balances 116 An entity shall disclose all of the following: (a) the opening and closing balances of receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers, if not otherwise separately presented or disclosed; (b) revenue recognised in the reporting period that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period; and (c) revenue recognised in the reporting period from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods (for example, changes in transaction price). 117 An entity shall explain how the timing of satisfaction of its performance obligations (see paragraph 119(a)) relates to the typical timing of payment (see paragraph 119(b)) and the effect that those factors have on the contract asset and the contract liability balances. The explanation provided may use qualitative information. 118 An entity shall provide an explanation of the significant changes in the contract asset and the contract liability balances during the reporting period. The explanation shall include qualitative and quantitative information. Examples of changes in the entity s balances of contract assets and contract liabilities include any of the following: (a) changes due to business combinations; (b) cumulative catch-up adjustments to revenue that affect the corresponding contract asset or contract liability, including adjustments arising from a change in the measure of progress, a change in an estimate of the transaction price (including any changes in the assessment of whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained) or a contract modification; (c) impairment of a contract asset; (d) a change in the time frame for a right to consideration to become unconditional (ie for a contract asset to be reclassified to a receivable); and (e) a change in the time frame for a performance obligation to be satisfied (ie for the recognition of revenue arising from a contract liability). Performance obligations 119 An entity shall disclose information about its performance obligations in contracts with customers, including a description of all of the following: (a) when the entity typically satisfies its performance obligations (for example, upon shipment, upon delivery, as services are rendered or upon completion of service), including when performance obligations are satisfied in a bill-and-hold arrangement; (b) the significant payment terms (for example, when payment is typically due, whether the contract has a significant financing component, whether the consideration amount is variable and whether the estimate of variable consideration is typically constrained in accordance with paragraphs 56 58); (c) the nature of the goods or services that the entity has promised to transfer, highlighting any performance obligations to arrange for another party to transfer goods or services (ie if the entity is acting as an agent); (d) obligations for returns, refunds and other similar obligations; and (e) types of warranties and related obligations. Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations 120 An entity shall disclose the following information about its remaining performance obligations: (a) the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of the end of the reporting period; and (b) an explanation of when the entity expects to recognise as revenue the amount disclosed in accordance with paragraph 120(a), which the entity shall disclose in either of the following ways: (i) on a quantitative basis using the time bands that would be most appropriate for the duration of the remaining performance obligations; or (ii) by using qualitative information. 121 As a practical expedient, an entity need not disclose the information in paragraph 120 for a performance obligation if either of the following conditions is met: (a) the performance obligation is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less; or (b) the entity recognises revenue from the satisfaction of the performance obligation in accordance with paragraph B16. 122 An entity shall explain qualitatively whether it is applying the practical expedient in paragraph 121 and whether any consideration from contracts with customers is not included in the transaction price and, therefore, not included in the information disclosed in accordance with paragraph 120. For example, an estimate of the transaction price would not include any estimated amounts of variable consideration that are constrained (see paragraphs 56 58). Significant judgements in the application of this Standard 123 An entity shall disclose the judgements, and changes in the judgements, made in applying this Standard that significantly affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers. In particular, an entity shall explain the judgements, and changes in the judgements, used in determining both of the following: (a) the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations (see paragraphs 124 125); and (b) the transaction price and the amounts allocated to performance obligations (see paragraph 126). Determining the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations 124 For performance obligations that an entity satisfies over time, an entity shall disclose both of the following: (a) the methods used to recognise revenue (for example, a description of the output methods or input methods used and how those methods are applied); and (b) an explanation of why the methods used provide a faithful depiction of the transfer of goods or services. 125 For performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, an entity shall disclose the significant judgements made in evaluating when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services. Determining the transaction price and the amounts allocated to performance obligations 126 An entity shall disclose information about the methods, inputs and assumptions used for all of the following: (a) determining the transaction price, which includes, but is not limited to, estimating variable consideration, adjusting the consideration for the effects of the time value of money and measuring non-cash consideration; (b) assessing whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained; (c) allocating the transaction price, including estimating stand-alone selling prices of promised goods or services and allocating discounts and variable consideration to a specific part of the contract (if applicable); and (d) measuring obligations for returns, refunds and other similar obligations. 126AA An entity shall reconcile the amount of revenue recognised in the statement of profit and loss with the contracted price showing separately each of the adjustments made to the contract price, for example, on account of discounts, rebates, refunds, credits, price concessions, incentives, performance bonuses, etc., specifying the nature and amount of each such adjustment separately. Assets recognised from the costs to obtain or fulfil a contract with a customer 127 An entity shall describe both of the following: (a) the judgements made in determining the amount of the costs incurred to obtain or fulfil a contract with a customer (in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95); and (b) the method it uses to determine the amortisation for each reporting period. 128 An entity shall disclose all of the following: (a) the closing balances of assets recognised from the costs incurred to obtain or fulfil a contract with a customer (in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95), by main category of asset (for example, costs to obtain contracts with customers, pre-contract costs and setup costs); and (b) the amount of amortisation and any impairment losses recognised in the reporting period. Practical expedients 129 If an entity elects to use the practical expedient in either paragraph 63 (about the existence of a significant financing component) or paragraph 94 (about the incremental costs of obtaining a contract), the entity shall disclose that fact. Appendix A Defined terms This appendix is an integral part of the Standard. contract An agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights and obligations. contract asset An entity s right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the entity has transferred to a customer when that right is conditioned on something other than the passage of time (for example, the entity s future performance). contract liability An entity s obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the entity has received consideration (or the amount is due) from the customer. customer A party that has contracted with an entity to obtain goods or services that are an output of the entity s ordinary activities in exchange for consideration. income Increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in an increase in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants. performance obligation A promise in a contract with a customer to transfer to the customer either: (a) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or (b) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. revenue Income arising in the course of an entity s ordinary activities. stand-alone selling price (of a good or service) The price at which an entity would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer . transaction price (for a contract with a customer) The amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer , excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties. Appendix B Application Guidance This appendix is an integral part of the Standard. It describes the application of paragraphs 1 129 and has the same authority as the other parts of the Standard. B1 This application guidance is organised into the following categories: (a) performance obligations satisfied over time (paragraphs B2 B13); (b) methods for measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation (paragraphs B14 B19); (c) sale with a right of return (paragraphs B20 B27); (d) warranties (paragraphs B28 B33); (e) principal versus agent considerations (paragraphs B34 B38); (f) customer options for additional goods or services (paragraphs B39 B43); (g) customers unexercised rights (paragraphs B44 B47); (h) non-refundable upfront fees (and some related costs) (paragraphs B48 B51); (i) licensing (paragraphs B52 B63B); (j) repurchase agreements (paragraphs B64 B76); (k) consignment arrangements (paragraphs B77 B78); (l) bill-and-hold arrangements (paragraphs B79 B82); (m) customer acceptance (paragraphs B83 B86); and (n) disclosure of disaggregated revenue (paragraphs B87 B89). Performance obligations satisfied over time B2 In accordance with paragraph 35, a performance obligation is satisfied over time if one of the following criteria is met: (a) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the entity s performance as the entity performs (see paragraphs B3 B4); (b) the entity s performance creates or enhances an asset (for example, work in progress) that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced (see paragraph B5); or (c) the entity s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity (see paragraphs B6 B8) and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date (see paragraphs B9 B13). Simultaneous receipt and consumption of the benefits of the entity s performance (paragraph 35(a)) B3 For some types of performance obligations, the assessment of whether a customer receives the benefits of an entity s performance as the entity performs and simultaneously consumes those benefits as they are received will be straightforward. Examples include routine or recurring services (such as a cleaning service) in which the receipt and simultaneous consumption by the customer of the benefits of the entity s performance can be readily identified. B4 For other types of performance obligations, an entity may not be able to readily identify whether a customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits from the entity s performance as the entity performs. In those circumstances, a performance obligation is satisfied over time if an entity determines that another entity would not need to substantially re-perform the work that the entity has completed to date if that other entity were to fulfil the remaining performance obligation to the customer. In determining whether another entity would not need to substantially re-perform the work the entity has completed to date, an entity shall make both of the following assumptions: (a) disregard potential contractual restrictions or practical limitations that otherwise would prevent the entity from transferring the remaining performance obligation to another entity; and (b) presume that another entity fulfilling the remainder of the performance obligation would not have the benefit of any asset that is presently controlled by the entity and that would remain controlled by the entity if the performance obligation were to transfer to another entity. Customer controls the asset as it is created or enhanced (paragraph 35(b)) B5 In determining whether a customer controls an asset as it is created or enhanced in accordance with paragraph 35(b), an entity shall apply the requirements for control in paragraphs 31 34 and 38. The asset that is being created or enhanced (for example, a work-in-progress asset) could be either tangible or intangible. Entity s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use (paragraph 35(c)) B6 In assessing whether an asset has an alternative use to an entity in accordance with paragraph 36, an entity shall consider the effects of contractual restrictions and practical limitations on the entity s ability to readily direct that asset for another use, such as selling it to a different customer. The possibility of the contract with the customer being terminated is not a relevant consideration in assessing whether the entity would be able to readily direct the asset for another use. B7 A contractual restriction on an entity s ability to direct an asset for another use must be substantive for the asset not to have an alternative use to the entity. A contractual restriction is substantive if a customer could enforce its rights to the promised asset if the entity sought to direct the asset for another use. In contrast, a contractual restriction is not substantive if, for example, an asset is largely interchangeable with other assets that the entity could transfer to another customer without breaching the contract and without incurring significant costs that otherwise would not have been incurred in relation to that contract. B8 A practical limitation on an entity s ability to direct an asset for another use exists if an entity would incur significant economic losses to direct the asset for another use. A significant economic loss could arise because the entity either would incur significant costs to rework the asset or would only be able to sell the asset at a significant loss. For example, an entity may be practically limited from redirecting assets that either have design specifications that are unique to a customer or are located in remote areas. Right to payment for performance completed to date (paragraph 35(c)) B9 In accordance with paragraph 37, an entity has a right to payment for performance completed to date if the entity would be entitled to an amount that at least compensates the entity for its performance completed to date in the event that the customer or another party terminates the contract for reasons other than the entity s failure to perform as promised. An amount that would compensate an entity for performance completed to date would be an amount that approximates the selling price of the goods or services transferred to date (for example, recovery of the costs incurred by an entity in satisfying the performance obligation plus a reasonable profit margin) rather than compensation for only the entity s potential loss of profit if the contract were to be terminated. Compensation for a reasonable profit margin need not equal the profit margin expected if the contract was fulfilled as promised, but an entity should be entitled to compensation for either of the following amounts: (a) a proportion of the expected profit margin in the contract that reasonably reflects the extent of the entity s performance under the contract before termination by the customer (or another party); or (b) a reasonable return on the entity s cost of capital for similar contracts (or the entity s typical operating margin for similar contracts) if the contract-specific margin is higher than the return the entity usually generates from similar contracts. B10 An entity s right to payment for performance completed to date need not be a present unconditional right to payment. In many cases, an entity will have an unconditional right to payment only at an agreed-upon milestone or upon complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. In assessing whether it has a right to payment for performance completed to date, an entity shall consider whether it would have an enforceable right to demand or retain payment for performance completed to date if the contract were to be terminated before completion for reasons other than the entity s failure to perform as promised. B11 In some contracts, a customer may have a right to terminate the contract only at specified times during the life of the contract or the customer might not have any right to terminate the contract. If a customer acts to terminate a contract without having the right to terminate the contract at that time (including when a customer fails to perform its obligations as promised), the contract (or other laws) might entitle the entity to continue to transfer to the customer the goods or services promised in the contract and require the customer to pay the consideration promised in exchange for those goods or services. In those circumstances, an entity has a right to payment for performance completed to date because the entity has a right to continue to perform its obligations in accordance with the contract and to require the customer to perform its obligations (which include paying the promised consideration). B12 In assessing the existence and enforceability of a right to payment for performance completed to date, an entity shall consider the contractual terms as well as any legislation or legal precedent that could supplement or override those contractual terms. This would include an assessment of whether: (a) legislation, administrative practice or legal precedent confers upon the entity a right to payment for performance to date even though that right is not specified in the contract with the customer; (b) relevant legal precedent indicates that similar rights to payment for performance completed to date in similar contracts have no binding legal effect; or (c) an entity s customary business practices of choosing not to enforce a right to payment has resulted in the right being rendered unenforceable in that legal environment. However, notwithstanding that an entity may choose to waive its right to payment in similar contracts, an entity would continue to have a right to payment to date if, in the contract with the customer, its right to payment for performance to date remains enforceable. B13 The payment schedule specified in a contract does not necessarily indicate whether an entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Although the payment schedule in a contract specifies the timing and amount of consideration that is payable by a customer, the payment schedule might not necessarily provide evidence of the entity s right to payment for performance completed to date. This is because, for example, the contract could specify that the consideration received from the customer is refundable for reasons other than the entity failing to perform as promised in the contract. Methods for measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation B14 Methods that can be used to measure an entity s progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation satisfied over time in accordance with paragraphs 35 37 include the following: (a) output methods (see paragraphs B15 B17); and (b) input methods (see paragraphs B18 B19). Output methods B15 Output methods recognise revenue on the basis of direct measurements of the value to the customer of the goods or services transferred to date relative to the remaining goods or services promised under the contract. Output methods include methods such as surveys of performance completed to date, appraisals of results achieved, milestones reached, time elapsed and units produced or units delivered. When an entity evaluates whether to apply an output method to measure its progress, the entity shall consider whether the output selected would faithfully depict the entity s performance towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. An output method would not provide a faithful depiction of the entity s performance if the output selected would fail to measure some of the goods or services for which control has transferred to the customer. For example, output methods based on units produced or units delivered would not faithfully depict an entity s performance in satisfying a performance obligation if, at the end of the reporting period, the entity s performance has produced work in progress or finished goods controlled by the customer that are not included in the measurement of the output. B16 As a practical expedient, if an entity has a right to consideration from a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity s performance completed to date (for example, a service contract in which an entity bills a fixed amount for each hour of service provided), the entity may recognise revenue in the amount to which the entity has a right to invoice. B17 The disadvantages of output methods are that the outputs used to measure progress may not be directly observable and the information required to apply them may not be available to an entity without undue cost. Therefore, an input method may be necessary. Input methods B18 Input methods recognise revenue on the basis of the entity s efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of a performance obligation (for example, resources consumed, labour hours expended, costs incurred, time elapsed or machine hours used) relative to the total expected inputs to the satisfaction of that performance obligation. If the entity s efforts or inputs are expended evenly throughout the performance period, it may be appropriate for the entity to recognise revenue on a straight-line basis. B19 A shortcoming of input methods is that there may not be a direct relationship between an entity s inputs and the transfer of control of goods or services to a customer. Therefore, an entity shall exclude from an input method the effects of any inputs that, in accordance with the objective of measuring progress in paragraph 39, do not depict the entity s performance in transferring control of goods or services to the customer. For instance, when using a cost-based input method, an adjustment to the measure of progress may be required in the following circumstances: (a) When a cost incurred does not contribute to an entity s progress in satisfying the performance obligation. For example, an entity would not recognise revenue on the basis of costs incurred that are attributable to significant inefficiencies in the entity s performance that were not reflected in the price of the contract (for example, the costs of unexpected amounts of wasted materials, labour or other resources that were incurred to satisfy the performance obligation). (b) When a cost incurred is not proportionate to the entity s progress in satisfying the performance obligation. In those circumstances, the best depiction of the entity s performance may be to adjust the input method to recognise revenue only to the extent of that cost incurred. For example, a faithful depiction of an entity s performance might be to recognise revenue at an amount equal to the cost of a good used to satisfy a performance obligation if the entity expects at contract inception that all of the following conditions would be met: (i) the good is not distinct; (ii) the customer is expected to obtain control of the good significantly before receiving services related to the good; (iii) the cost of the transferred good is significant relative to the total expected costs to completely satisfy the performance obligation; and (iv) the entity procures the good from a third party and is not significantly involved in designing and manufacturing the good (but the entity is acting as a principal in accordance with paragraphs B34 B38). Sale with a right of return B20 In some contracts, an entity transfers control of a product to a customer and also grants the customer the right to return the product for various reasons (such as dissatisfaction with the product) and receive any combination of the following: (a) a full or partial refund of any consideration paid; (b) a credit that can be applied against amounts owed, or that will be owed, to the entity; and (c) another product in exchange. B20AA In some contracts, an entity transfers control of a product to a customer with an unconditional right of return. In such cases, the recognition of revenue shall be as per the substance of the arrangement. Where the substance is that of a consignment sale, the entity shall account for such a contract as per the provisions of paragraph B77 of this Appendix. In other cases, the accounting for contracts with customers shall be as per paragraphs B21-B27. B21 To account for the transfer of products with a right of return (and for some services that are provided subject to a refund), an entity shall recognise all of the following: (a) revenue for the transferred products in the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled (therefore, revenue would not be recognised for the products expected to be returned); (b) a refund liability; and (c) an asset (and corresponding adjustment to cost of sales) for its right to recover products from customers on settling the refund liability. B22 An entity s promise to stand ready to accept a returned product during the return period shall not be accounted for as a performance obligation in addition to the obligation to provide a refund. B23 An entity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 47 72 (including the requirements for constraining estimates of variable consideration in paragraphs 56 58) to determine the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled (ie excluding the products expected to be returned). For any amounts received (or receivable) for which an entity does not expect to be entitled, the entity shall not recognise revenue when it transfers products to customers but shall recognise those amounts received (or receivable) as a refund liability. Subsequently, at the end of each reporting period, the entity shall update its assessment of amounts for which it expects to be entitled in exchange for the transferred products and make a corresponding change to the transaction price and, therefore, in the amount of revenue recognised. B24 An entity shall update the measurement of the refund liability at the end of each reporting period for changes in expectations about the amount of refunds. An entity shall recognise corresponding adjustments as revenue (or reductions of revenue). B25 An asset recognised for an entity s right to recover products from a customer on settling a refund liability shall initially be measured by reference to the former carrying amount of the product (for example, inventory) less any expected costs to recover those products (including potential decreases in the value to the entity of returned products). At the end of each reporting period, an entity shall update the measurement of the asset arising from changes in expectations about products to be returned. An entity shall present the asset separately from the refund liability. B26 Exchanges by customers of one product for another of the same type, quality, condition and price (for example, one colour or size for another) are not considered returns for the purposes of applying this Standard. B27 Contracts in which a customer may return a defective product in exchange for a functioning product shall be evaluated in accordance with the guidance on warranties in paragraphs B28 B33. Warranties B28 It is common for an entity to provide (in accordance with the contract, the law or the entity s customary business practices) a warranty in connection with the sale of a product (whether a good or service). The nature of a warranty can vary significantly across industries and contracts. Some warranties provide a customer with assurance that the related product will function as the parties intended because it complies with agreed-upon specifications. Other warranties provide the customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications. B29 If a customer has the option to purchase a warranty separately (for example, because the warranty is priced or negotiated separately), the warranty is a distinct service because the entity promises to provide the service to the customer in addition to the product that has the functionality described in the contract. In those circumstances, an entity shall account for the promised warranty as a performance obligation in accordance with paragraphs 22 30 and allocate a portion of the transaction price to that performance obligation in accordance with paragraphs 73 86. B30 If a customer does not have the option to purchase a warranty separately, an entity shall account for the warranty in accordance with Ind AS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, unless the promised warranty, or a part of the promised warranty, provides the customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications. B31 In assessing whether a warranty provides a customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications, an entity shall consider factors such as: (a) Whether the warranty is required by law-if the entity is required by law to provide a warranty, the existence of that law indicates that the promised warranty is not a performance obligation because such requirements typically exist to protect customers from the risk of purchasing defective products. (b) The length of the warranty coverage period-the longer the coverage period, the more likely it is that the promised warranty is a performance obligation because it is more likely to provide a service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications. (c) The nature of the tasks that the entity promises to perform-if it is necessary for an entity to perform specified tasks to provide the assurance that a product complies with agreed-upon specifications (for example, a return shipping service for a defective product), then those tasks likely do not give rise to a performance obligation. B32 If a warranty, or a part of a warranty, provides a customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications, the promised service is a performance obligation. Therefore, an entity shall allocate the transaction price to the product and the service. If an entity promises both an assurance-type warranty and a service-type warranty but cannot reasonably account for them separately, the entity shall account for both of the warranties together as a single performance obligation. B33 A law that requires an entity to pay compensation if its products cause harm or damage does not give rise to a performance obligation. For example, a manufacturer might sell products in a jurisdiction in which the law holds the manufacturer liable for any damages (for example, to personal property) that might be caused by a consumer using a product for its intended purpose. Similarly, an entity s promise to indemnify the customer for liabilities and damages arising from claims of patent, copyright, trademark or other infringement by the entity s products does not give rise to a performance obligation. The entity shall account for such obligations in accordance with Ind AS 37. Principal versus agent considerations B34 When another party is involved in providing goods or services to a customer, the entity shall determine whether the nature of its promise is a performance obligation to provide the specified goods or services itself (ie the entity is a principal) or to arrange for those goods or services to be provided by the other party (ie the entity is an agent). An entity determines whether it is a principal or an agent for each specified good or service promised to the customer. A specified good or service is a distinct good or service (or a distinct bundle of goods or services) to be provided to the customer (see paragraphs 27 30). If a contract with a customer includes more than one specified good or service, an entity could be a principal for some specified goods or services and an agent for others. B34A To determine the nature of its promise (as described in paragraph B34), the entity shall: (a) identify the specified goods or services to be provided to the customer (which, for example, could be a right to a good or service to be provided by another party (see paragraph 26)); and (b) assess whether it controls (as described in paragraph 33) each specified good or service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. B35 An entity is a principal if it controls the specified good or service before that good or service is transferred to a customer. However, an entity does not necessarily control a specified good if the entity obtains legal title to that good only momentarily before legal title is transferred to a customer. An entity that is a principal may satisfy its performance obligation to provide the specified good or service itself or it may engage another party (for example, a subcontractor) to satisfy some or all of the performance obligation on its behalf. B35A When another party is involved in providing goods or services to a customer, an entity that is a principal obtains control of any one of the following: (a) a good or another asset from the other party that it then transfers to the customer. (b) a right to a service to be performed by the other party, which gives the entity the ability to direct that party to provide the service to the customer on the entity s behalf. (c) a good or service from the other party that it then combines with other goods or services in providing the specified good or service to the customer. For example, if an entity provides a significant service of integrating goods or services (see paragraph 29(a)) provided by another party into the specified good or service for which the customer has contracted, the entity controls the specified good or service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. This is because the entity first obtains control of the inputs to the specified good or service (which includes goods or services from other parties) and directs their use to create the combined output that is the specified good or service. B35B When (or as) an entity that is a principal satisfies a performance obligation, the entity recognises revenue in the gross amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for the specified good or service transferred. B36 An entity is an agent if the entity s performance obligation is to arrange for the provision of the specified good or service by another party. An entity that is an agent does not control the specified good or service provided by another party before that good or service is transferred to the customer. When (or as) an entity that is an agent satisfies a performance obligation, the entity recognises revenue in the amount of any fee or commission to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for arranging for the specified goods or services to be provided by the other party. An entity s fee or commission might be the net amount of consideration that the entity retains after paying the other party the consideration received in exchange for the goods or services to be provided by that party. B37 Indicators that an entity controls the specified good or service before it is transferred to the customer (and is therefore a principal (see paragraph B35)) include, but are not limited to, the following: (a) the entity is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service. This typically includes responsibility for the acceptability of the specified good or service (for example, primary responsibility for the good or service meeting customer specifications). If the entity is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service, this may indicate that the other party involved in providing the specified good or service is acting on the entity s behalf. (b) the entity has inventory risk before the specified good or service has been transferred to a customer or after transfer of control to the customer (for example, if the customer has a right of return). For example, if the entity obtains, or commits itself to obtain, the specified good or service before obtaining a contract with a customer, that may indicate that the entity has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the good or service before it is transferred to the customer. (c) the entity has discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service. Establishing the price that the customer pays for the specified good or service may indicate that the entity has the ability to direct the use of that good or service and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits. However, an agent can have discretion in establishing prices in some cases. For example, an agent may have some flexibility in setting prices in order to generate additional revenue from its service of arranging for goods or services to be provided by other parties to customers. B37A The indicators in paragraph B37 may be more or less relevant to the assessment of control depending on the nature of the specified good or service and the terms and conditions of the contract. In addition, different indicators may provide more persuasive evidence in different contracts. B38 If another entity assumes the entity s performance obligations and contractual rights in the contract so that the entity is no longer obliged to satisfy the performance obligation to transfer the specified good or service to the customer (ie the entity is no longer acting as the principal), the entity shall not recognise revenue for that performance obligation. Instead, the entity shall evaluate whether to recognise revenue for satisfying a performance obligation to obtain a contract for the other party (ie whether the entity is acting as an agent). Customer options for additional goods or services B39 Customer options to acquire additional goods or services for free or at a discount come in many forms, including sales incentives, customer award credits (or points), contract renewal options or other discounts on future goods or services. B40 If, in a contract, an entity grants a customer the option to acquire additional goods or services, that option gives rise to a performance obligation in the contract only if the option provides a material right to the customer that it would not receive without entering into that contract (for example, a discount that is incremental to the range of discounts typically given for those goods or services to that class of customer in that geographical area or market). If the option provides a material right to the customer, the customer in effect pays the entity in advance for future goods or services and the entity recognises revenue when those future goods or services are transferred or when the option expires. B41 If a customer has the option to acquire an additional good or service at a price that would reflect the stand-alone selling price for that good or service, that option does not provide the customer with a material right even if the option can be exercised only by entering into a previous contract. In those cases, the entity has made a marketing offer that it shall account for in accordance with this Standard only when the customer exercises the option to purchase the additional goods or services. B42 Paragraph 74 requires an entity to allocate the transaction price to performance obligations on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. If the stand-alone selling price for a customer s option to acquire additional goods or services is not directly observable, an entity shall estimate it. That estimate shall reflect the discount that the customer would obtain when exercising the option, adjusted for both of the following: (a) any discount that the customer could receive without exercising the option; and (b) the likelihood that the option will be exercised. B43 If a customer has a material right to acquire future goods or services and those goods or services are similar to the original goods or services in the contract and are provided in accordance with the terms of the original contract, then an entity may, as a practical alternative to estimating the stand-alone selling price of the option, allocate the transaction price to the optional goods or services by reference to the goods or services expected to be provided and the corresponding expected consideration. Typically, those types of options are for contract renewals. Customers unexercised rights B44 In accordance with paragraph 106, upon receipt of a prepayment from a customer, an entity shall recognise a contract liability in the amount of the prepayment for its performance obligation to transfer, or to stand ready to transfer, goods or services in the future. An entity shall derecognise that contract liability (and recognise revenue) when it transfers those goods or services and, therefore, satisfies its performance obligation. B45 A customer s non-refundable prepayment to an entity gives the customer a right to receive a good or service in the future (and obliges the entity to stand ready to transfer a good or service). However, customers may not exercise all of their contractual rights. Those unexercised rights are often referred to as breakage. B46 If an entity expects to be entitled to a breakage amount in a contract liability, the entity shall recognise the expected breakage amount as revenue in proportion to the pattern of rights exercised by the customer. If an entity does not expect to be entitled to a breakage amount, the entity shall recognise the expected breakage amount as revenue when the likelihood of the customer exercising its remaining rights becomes remote. To determine whether an entity expects to be entitled to a breakage amount, the entity shall consider the requirements in paragraphs 56 58 on constraining estimates of variable consideration. B47 An entity shall recognise a liability (and not revenue) for any consideration received that is attributable to a customer s unexercised rights for which the entity is required to remit to another party, for example, a government entity in accordance with applicable unclaimed property laws. Non-refundable upfront fees (and some related costs) B48 In some contracts, an entity charges a customer a non-refundable upfront fee at or near contract inception. Examples include joining fees in health club membership contracts, activation fees in telecommunication contracts, setup fees in some services contracts and initial fees in some supply contracts. B49 To identify performance obligations in such contracts, an entity shall assess whether the fee relates to the transfer of a promised good or service. In many cases, even though a non-refundable upfront fee relates to an activity that the entity is required to undertake at or near contract inception to fulfil the contract, that activity does not result in the transfer of a promised good or service to the customer (see paragraph 25). Instead, the upfront fee is an advance payment for future goods or services and, therefore, would be recognised as revenue when those future goods or services are provided. The revenue recognition period would extend beyond the initial contractual period if the entity grants the customer the option to renew the contract and that option provides the customer with a material right as described in paragraph B40. B50 If the non-refundable upfront fee relates to a good or service, the entity shall evaluate whether to account for the good or service as a separate performance obligation in accordance with paragraphs 22 30. B51 An entity may charge a non-refundable fee in part as compensation for costs incurred in setting up a contract (or other administrative tasks as described in paragraph 25). If those setup activities do not satisfy a performance obligation, the entity shall disregard those activities (and related costs) when measuring progress in accordance with paragraph B19. That is because the costs of setup activities do not depict the transfer of services to the customer. The entity shall assess whether costs incurred in setting up a contract have resulted in an asset that shall be recognised in accordance with paragraph 95. Licensing B52 A licence establishes a customer s rights to the intellectual property of an entity. Licences of intellectual property may include, but are not limited to, licences of any of the following: (a) software and technology; (b) motion pictures, music and other forms of media and entertainment; (c) franchises; and (d) patents, trademarks and copyrights. B53 In addition to a promise to grant a licence (or licences) to a customer, an entity may also promise to transfer other goods or services to the customer. Those promises may be explicitly stated in the contract or implied by an entity s customary business practices, published policies or specific statements (see paragraph 24). As with other types of contracts, when a contract with a customer includes a promise to grant a licence (or licences) in addition to other promised goods or services, an entity applies paragraphs 22 30 to identify each of the performance obligations in the contract. B54 If the promise to grant a licence is not distinct from other promised goods or services in the contract in accordance with paragraphs 26 30, an entity shall account for the promise to grant a licence and those other promised goods or services together as a single performance obligation. Examples of licences that are not distinct from other goods or services promised in the contract include the following: (a) a licence that forms a component of a tangible good and that is integral to the functionality of the good; and (b) a licence that the customer can benefit from only in conjunction with a related service (such as an online service provided by the entity that enables, by granting a licence, the customer to access content). B55 If the licence is not distinct, an entity shall apply paragraphs 31 38 to determine whether the performance obligation (which includes the promised licence) is a performance obligation that is satisfied over time or satisfied at a point in time. B56 If the promise to grant the licence is distinct from the other promised goods or services in the contract and, therefore, the promise to grant the licence is a separate performance obligation, an entity shall determine whether the licence transfers to a customer either at a point in time or over time. In making this determination, an entity shall consider whether the nature of the entity s promise in granting the licence to a customer is to provide the customer with either: (a) a right to access the entity s intellectual property as it exists throughout the licence period; or (b) a right to use the entity s intellectual property as it exists at the point in time at which the licence is granted. Determining the nature of the entity s promise B57 * B58 The nature of an entity s promise in granting a licence is a promise to provide a right to access the entity s intellectual property if all of the following criteria are met: (a) the contract requires, or the customer reasonably expects, that the entity will undertake activities that significantly affect the intellectual property to which the customer has rights (see paragraph B59 and B59A); (b) the rights granted by the licence directly expose the customer to any positive or negative effects of the entity s activities identified in paragraph B58(a); and (c) those activities do not result in the transfer of a good or a service to the customer as those activities occur (see paragraph 25). B59 Factors that may indicate that a customer could reasonably expect that an entity will undertake activities that significantly affect the intellectual property include the entity s customary business practices, published policies or specific statements. Although not determinative, the existence of a shared economic interest (for example, a sales-based royalty) between the entity and the customer related to the intellectual property to which the customer has rights may also indicate that the customer could reasonably expect that the entity will undertake such activities. B59A An entity s activities significantly affect the intellectual property to which the customer has rights when either: (a) those activities are expected to significantly change the form (for example, the design or content) or the functionality (for example, the ability to perform a function or task) of the intellectual property; or (b) the ability of the customer to obtain benefit from the intellectual property is substantially derived from, or dependent upon, those activities. For example, the benefit from a brand is often derived from, or dependent upon, the entity s ongoing activities that support or maintain the value of the intellectual property. Accordingly, if the intellectual property to which the customer has rights has significant stand-alone functionality, a substantial portion of the benefit of that intellectual property is derived from that functionality. Consequently, the ability of the customer to obtain benefit from that intellectual property would not be significantly affected by the entity s activities unless those activities significantly change its form or functionality. Types of intellectual property that often have significant stand-alone functionality include software, biological compounds or drug formulas, and completed media content (for example, films, television shows and music recordings). B60 If the criteria in paragraph B58 are met, an entity shall account for the promise to grant a licence as a performance obligation satisfied over time because the customer will simultaneously receive and consume the benefit from the entity s performance of providing access to its intellectual property as the performance occurs (see paragraph 35(a)). An entity shall apply paragraphs 39 45 to select an appropriate method to measure its progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation to provide access. B61 If the criteria in paragraph B58 are not met, the nature of an entity s promise is to provide a right to use the entity s intellectual property as that intellectual property exists (in terms of form and functionality) at the point in time at which the licence is granted to the customer. This means that the customer can direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the licence at the point in time at which the licence transfers. An entity shall account for the promise to provide a right to use the entity s intellectual property as a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time. An entity shall apply paragraph 38 to determine the point in time at which the licence transfers to the customer. However, revenue cannot be recognised for a licence that provides a right to use the entity s intellectual property before the beginning of the period during which the customer is able to use and benefit from the licence. For example, if a software licence period begins before an entity provides (or otherwise makes available) to the customer a code that enables the customer to immediately use the software, the entity would not recognise revenue before that code has been provided (or otherwise made available). B62 An entity shall disregard the following factors when determining whether a licence provides a right to access the entity s intellectual property or a right to use the entity s intellectual property: (a) Restrictions of time, geographical region or use-those restrictions define the attributes of the promised licence, rather than define whether the entity satisfies its performance obligation at a point in time or over time. (b) Guarantees provided by the entity that it has a valid patent to intellectual property and that it will defend that patent from unauthorised use-a promise to defend a patent right is not a performance obligation because the act of defending a patent protects the value of the entity s intellectual property assets and provides assurance to the customer that the licence transferred meets the specifications of the licence promised in the contract. Sales-based or usage-based royalties B63 Notwithstanding the requirements in paragraphs 56 59, an entity shall recognise revenue for a sales-based or usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a licence of intellectual property only when (or as) the later of the following events occurs: (a) the subsequent sale or usage occurs; and (b) the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). B63A The requirement for a sales-based or usage-based royalty in paragraph B63 applies when the royalty relates only to a licence of intellectual property or when a licence of intellectual property is the predominant item to which the royalty relates (for example, the licence of intellectual property may be the predominant item to which the royalty relates when the entity has a reasonable expectation that the customer would ascribe significantly more value to the licence than to the other goods or services to which the royalty relates). B63B When the requirement in paragraph B63A is met, revenue from a sales-based or usage-based royalty shall be recognised wholly in accordance with paragraph B63. When the requirement in paragraph B63A is not met, the requirements on variable consideration in paragraphs 50 59 apply to the sales-based or usage-based royalty. Repurchase agreements B64 A repurchase agreement is a contract in which an entity sells an asset and also promises or has the option (either in the same contract or in another contract) to repurchase the asset. The repurchased asset may be the asset that was originally sold to the customer, an asset that is substantially the same as that asset, or another asset of which the asset that was originally sold is a component. B65 Repurchase agreements generally come in three forms: (a) an entity s obligation to repurchase the asset (a forward); (b) an entity s right to repurchase the asset (a call option); and (c) an entity s obligation to repurchase the asset at the customer s request (a put option). A forward or a call option B66 If an entity has an obligation or a right to repurchase the asset (a forward or a call option), a customer does not obtain control of the asset because the customer is limited in its ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset even though the customer may have physical possession of the asset. Consequently, the entity shall account for the contract as either of the following: (a) a lease in accordance with Ind AS 17, Leases, if the entity can or must repurchase the asset for an amount that is less than the original selling price of the asset; or (b) a financing arrangement in accordance with paragraph B68 if the entity can or must repurchase the asset for an amount that is equal to or more than the original selling price of the asset. B67 When comparing the repurchase price with the selling price, an entity shall consider the time value of money. B68 If the repurchase agreement is a financing arrangement, the entity shall continue to recognise the asset and also recognise a financial liability for any consideration received from the customer. The entity shall recognise the difference between the amount of consideration received from the customer and the amount of consideration to be paid to the customer as interest and, if applicable, as processing or holding costs (for example, insurance). B69 If the option lapses unexercised, an entity shall derecognise the liability and recognise revenue. A put option B70 If an entity has an obligation to repurchase the asset at the customer s request (a put option) at a price that is lower than the original selling price of the asset, the entity shall consider at contract inception whether the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right. The customer s exercising of that right results in the customer effectively paying the entity consideration for the right to use a specified asset for a period of time. Therefore, if the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, the entity shall account for the agreement as a lease in accordance with Ind AS 17. B71 To determine whether a customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise its right, an entity shall consider various factors, including the relationship of the repurchase price to the expected market value of the asset at the date of the repurchase and the amount of time until the right expires. For example, if the repurchase price is expected to significantly exceed the market value of the asset, this may indicate that the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise the put option. B72 If the customer does not have a significant economic incentive to exercise its right at a price that is lower than the original selling price of the asset, the entity shall account for the agreement as if it were the sale of a product with a right of return as described in paragraphs B20 B27. B73 If the repurchase price of the asset is equal to or greater than the original selling price and is more than the expected market value of the asset, the contract is in effect a financing arrangement and, therefore, shall be accounted for as described in paragraph B68. B74 If the repurchase price of the asset is equal to or greater than the original selling price and is less than or equal to the expected market value of the asset, and the customer does not have a significant economic incentive to exercise its right, then the entity shall account for the agreement as if it were the sale of a product with a right of return as described in paragraphs B20 B27. B75 When comparing the repurchase price with the selling price, an entity shall consider the time value of money. B76 If the option lapses unexercised, an entity shall derecognise the liability and recognise revenue. Consignment arrangements B77 When an entity delivers a product to another party (such as a dealer or a distributor) for sale to end customers, the entity shall evaluate whether that other party has obtained control of the product at that point in time. A product that has been delivered to another party may be held in a consignment arrangement if that other party has not obtained control of the product. Accordingly, an entity shall not recognise revenue upon delivery of a product to another party if the delivered product is held on consignment. B78 Indicators that an arrangement is a consignment arrangement include, but are not limited to, the following: (a) the product is controlled by the entity until a specified event occurs, such as the sale of the product to a customer of the dealer or until a specified period expires; (b) the entity is able to require the return of the product or transfer the product to a third party (such as another dealer); and (c) the dealer does not have an unconditional obligation to pay for the product (although it might be required to pay a deposit). Bill-and-hold arrangements B79 A bill-and-hold arrangement is a contract under which an entity bills a customer for a product but the entity retains physical possession of the product until it is transferred to the customer at a point in time in the future. For example, a customer may request an entity to enter into such a contract because of the customer s lack of available space for the product or because of delays in the customer s production schedules. B80 An entity shall determine when it has satisfied its performance obligation to transfer a product by evaluating when a customer obtains control of that product (see paragraph 38). For some contracts, control is transferred either when the product is delivered to the customer s site or when the product is shipped, depending on the terms of the contract (including delivery and shipping terms). However, for some contracts, a customer may obtain control of a product even though that product remains in an entity s physical possession. In that case, the customer has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the product even though it has decided not to exercise its right to take physical possession of that product. Consequently, the entity does not control the product. Instead, the entity provides custodial services to the customer over the customer s asset. B81 In addition to applying the requirements in paragraph 38, for a customer to have obtained control of a product in a bill-and-hold arrangement, all of the following criteria must be met: (a) the reason for the bill-and-hold arrangement must be substantive (for example, the customer has requested the arrangement); (b) the product must be identified separately as belonging to the customer; (c) the product currently must be ready for physical transfer to the customer; and (d) the entity cannot have the ability to use the product or to direct it to another customer. B82 If an entity recognises revenue for the sale of a product on a bill-and-hold basis, the entity shall consider whether it has remaining performance obligations (for example, for custodial services) in accordance with paragraphs 22 30 to which the entity shall allocate a portion of the transaction price in accordance with paragraphs 73 86. Customer acceptance B83 In accordance with paragraph 38(e), a customer s acceptance of an asset may indicate that the customer has obtained control of the asset. Customer acceptance clauses allow a customer to cancel a contract or require an entity to take remedial action if a good or service does not meet agreed-upon specifications. An entity shall consider such clauses when evaluating when a customer obtains control of a good or service. B84 If an entity can objectively determine that control of a good or service has been transferred to the customer in accordance with the agreed-upon specifications in the contract, then customer acceptance is a formality that would not affect the entity s determination of when the customer has obtained control of the good or service. For example, if the customer acceptance clause is based on meeting specified size and weight characteristics, an entity would be able to determine whether those criteria have been met before receiving confirmation of the customer s acceptance. The entity s experience with contracts for similar goods or services may provide evidence that a good or service provided to the customer is in accordance with the agreed-upon specifications in the contract. If revenue is recognised before customer acceptance, the entity still must consider whether there are any remaining performance obligations (for example, installation of equipment) and evaluate whether to account for them separately. B85 However, if an entity cannot objectively determine that the good or service provided to the customer is in accordance with the agreed-upon specifications in the contract, then the entity would not be able to conclude that the customer has obtained control until the entity receives the customer s acceptance. That is because in that circumstance the entity cannot determine that the customer has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the good or service. B86 If an entity delivers products to a customer for trial or evaluation purposes and the customer is not committed to pay any consideration until the trial period lapses, control of the product is not transferred to the customer until either the customer accepts the product or the trial period lapses. Disclosure of disaggregated revenue B87 Paragraph 114 requires an entity to disaggregate revenue from contracts with customers into categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Consequently, the extent to which an entity s revenue is disaggregated for the purposes of this disclosure depends on the facts and circumstances that pertain to the entity s contracts with customers. Some entities may need to use more than one type of category to meet the objective in paragraph 114 for disaggregating revenue. Other entities may meet the objective by using only one type of category to disaggregate revenue. B88 When selecting the type of category (or categories) to use to disaggregate revenue, an entity shall consider how information about the entity s revenue has been presented for other purposes, including all of the following: (a) disclosures presented outside the financial statements (for example, in earnings releases, annual reports or investor presentations); (b) information regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker for evaluating the financial performance of operating segments; and (c) other information that is similar to the types of information identified in paragraph B88(a) and (b) and that is used by the entity or users of the entity s financial statements to evaluate the entity s financial performance or make resource allocation decisions. B89 Examples of categories that might be appropriate include, but are not limited to, all of the following: (a) type of good or service (for example, major product lines); (b) geographical region (for example, country or region); (c) market or type of customer (for example, government and non-government customers); (d) type of contract (for example, fixed-price and time-and-materials contracts); (e) contract duration (for example, short-term and long-term contracts); (f) timing of transfer of goods or services (for example, revenue from goods or services transferred to customers at a point in time and revenue from goods or services transferred over time); and (g) sales channels (for example, goods sold directly to consumers and goods sold through intermediaries). Appendix C Effective date and transition C1 An entity shall apply this Standard for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 April, 2018. C1A * C1B * Transition C2 For the purposes of the transition requirements in paragraphs C3 C8A: (a) the date of initial application is the start of the reporting period in which an entity first applies this Standard; and (b) a completed contract is a contract for which the entity has transferred all of the goods or services identified in accordance with Ind AS 11, Construction Contracts and Ind AS 18, Revenue . C3 An entity shall apply this Standard using one of the following two methods: (a) retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented in accordance with Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors , subject to the expedients in paragraph C5; or (b) retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying this Standard recognised at the date of initial application in accordance with paragraphs C7 C8. C4 Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph 28 of Ind AS 8, when this Standard is first applied, an entity need only present the quantitative information required by paragraph 28(f) of Ind AS 8 for the accounting period immediately preceding the first annual period for which this Standard is applied (the immediately preceding period ) and only if the entity applies this Standard retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(a). An entity may also present this information for the current period or for earlier comparative periods, but is not required to do so. C5 An entity may use one or more of the following practical expedients when applying this Standard retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(a): (a) for completed contracts, an entity need not restate contracts that: (i) begin and end within the same accounting period; or (ii) are completed contracts at the beginning of the earliest period presented. (b) for completed contracts that have variable consideration, an entity may use the transaction price at the date the contract was completed rather than estimating variable consideration amounts in the comparative reporting periods. (c) for contracts that were modified before the beginning of the earliest period presented, an entity need not retrospectively restate the contract for those contract modifications in accordance with paragraphs 20 21. Instead, an entity shall reflect the aggregate effect of all of the modifications that occur before the beginning of the earliest period presented when: (i) identifying the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations; (ii) determining the transaction price; and (iii) allocating the transaction price to the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations. (d) for all reporting periods presented before the date of initial application, an entity need not disclose the amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations and an explanation of when the entity expects to recognise that amount as revenue (see paragraph 120). C6 For any of the practical expedients in paragraph C5 that an entity uses, the entity shall apply that expedient consistently to all contracts within all reporting periods presented. In addition, the entity shall disclose all of the following information: (a) the expedients that have been used; and (b) to the extent reasonably possible, a qualitative assessment of the estimated effect of applying each of those expedients. C7 If an entity elects to apply this Standard retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(b), the entity shall recognise the cumulative effect of initially applying this Standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings (or other component of equity, as appropriate) of the accounting period that includes the date of initial application. Under this transition method, an entity may elect to apply this Standard retrospectively only to contracts that are not completed contracts at the date of initial application (for example, 1 April, 2018 for an entity with a 31 March year-end). C7A An entity applying this Standard retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(b) may also use the practical expedient described in paragraph C5(c), either: (a) for all contract modifications that occur before the beginning of the earliest period presented; or (b) for all contract modifications that occur before the date of initial application. If an entity uses this practical expedient, the entity shall apply the expedient consistently to all contracts and disclose the information required by paragraph C6. C8 For reporting periods that include the date of initial application, an entity shall provide both of the following additional disclosures if this Standard is applied retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(b): (a) the amount by which each financial statement line item is affected in the current reporting period by the application of this Standard as compared to Ind AS 11 and Ind AS 18 ; and (b) an explanation of the reasons for significant changes identified in C8(a). C8A * C9 * Withdrawal of other Standards C10 This Standard supersedes the following Standards: (a) Ind AS 11, Construction Contracts ; (b) Ind AS 18, Revenue Appendix D Service Concession Arrangements This appendix is an integral part of the Standard. Background 1 Infrastructure for public services-such as roads, bridges, tunnels, prisons, hospitals, airports, water distribution facilities, energy supply and telecommunication networks-has traditionally been constructed, operated and maintained by the public sector and financed through public budget appropriation. 2 In recent times, governments have introduced contractual service arrangements to attract private sector participation in the development, financing, operation and maintenance of such infrastructure. The infrastructure may already exist, or may be constructed during the period of the service arrangement. An arrangement within the scope of this Appendix typically involves a private sector entity (an operator) constructing the infrastructure used to provide the public service or upgrading it (for example, by increasing its capacity) and operating and maintaining that infrastructure for a specified period of time. The operator is paid for its services over the period of the arrangement. The arrangement is governed by a contract that sets out performance standards, mechanisms for adjusting prices, and arrangements for arbitrating disputes. Such an arrangement is often described as a build-operate-transfer , a rehabilitate-operate-transfer or a public-to-private service concession arrangement. 3 A feature of these service arrangements is the public service nature of the obligation undertaken by the operator. Public policy is for the services related to the infrastructure to be provided to the public, irrespective of the identity of the party that operates the services. The service arrangement contractually obliges the operator to provide the services to the public on behalf of the public sector entity. Other common features are: (a) the party that grants the service arrangement (the grantor) is a public sector entity, including a governmental body, or a private sector entity to which the responsibility for the service has been devolved. (b) the operator is responsible for at least some of the management of the infrastructure and related services and does not merely act as an agent on behalf of the grantor. (c) the contract sets the initial prices to be levied by the operator and regulates price revisions over the period of the service arrangement. (d) the operator is obliged to hand over the infrastructure to the grantor in a specified condition at the end of the period of the arrangement, for little or no incremental consideration, irrespective of which party initially financed it. Scope 4 This Appendix gives guidance on the accounting by operators for public-to-private service concession arrangements. 5 This Appendix applies to public-to-private service concession arrangements if: (a) the grantor controls or regulates what services the operator must provide with the infrastructure, to whom it must provide them, and at what price; and (b) the grantor controls-through ownership, beneficial entitlement or otherwise-any significant residual interest in the infrastructure at the end of the term of the arrangement. 6 Infrastructure used in a public-to-private service concession arrangement for its entire useful life (whole of life assets) is within the scope of this Appendix if the conditions in paragraph 5(a) of this Appendix are met. Paragraphs AG1 AG8 of the Application Guidance of this Appendix provide guidance on determining whether, and to what extent, public-to-private service concession arrangements are within the scope of this Appendix. 7 This Appendix applies to both: (a) infrastructure that the operator constructs or acquires from a third party for the purpose of the service arrangement; and (b) existing infrastructure to which the grantor gives the operator access for the purpose of the service arrangement. 8 This Appendix does not specify the accounting for infrastructure that was held and recognised as property, plant and equipment by the operator before entering the service arrangement. The derecognition requirements of Ind ASs (as set out in Ind AS 16) apply to such infrastructure. 9 This Appendix does not specify the accounting by grantors. Issues 10 This Appendix sets out general principles on recognising and measuring the obligations and related rights in service concession arrangements. Requirements for disclosing information about service concession arrangements are in Appendix E to this Indian Accounting Standard. The issues addressed in this Appendix are: (a) treatment of the operator s rights over the infrastructure; (b) recognition and measurement of arrangement consideration; (c) construction or upgrade services; (d) operation services; (e) borrowing costs; (f) subsequent accounting treatment of a financial asset and an intangible asset; and (g) items provided to the operator by the grantor. Accounting Principles Treatment of the operator s rights over the infrastructure 11 Infrastructure within the scope of this Appendix shall not be recognised as property, plant and equipment of the operator because the contractual service arrangement does not convey the right to control the use of the public service infrastructure to the operator. The operator has access to operate the infrastructure to provide the public service on behalf of the grantor in accordance with the terms specified in the contract. Recognition and measurement of arrangement consideration 12 Under the terms of contractual arrangements within the scope of this Appendix, the operator acts as a service provider. The operator constructs or upgrades infrastructure (construction or upgrade services) used to provide a public service and operates and maintains that infrastructure (operation services) for a specified period of time. 13 The operator shall recognise and measure revenue in accordance with Ind AS 115 for the services it performs. The nature of the consideration determines its subsequent accounting treatment. The subsequent accounting for consideration received as a financial asset and as an intangible asset is detailed in paragraphs 23 26 of this Appendix. Construction or upgrade services 14 The operator shall account for construction or upgrade services in accordance with Ind AS 115. Consideration given by the grantor to the operator 15 If the operator provides construction or upgrade services the consideration received or receivable by the operator shall be recognised in accordance with Ind AS 115. The consideration may be rights to: (a) a financial asset, or (b) an intangible asset. 16 The operator shall recognise a financial asset to the extent that it has an unconditional contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset from or at the direction of the grantor for the construction services; the grantor has little, if any, discretion to avoid payment, usually because the agreement is enforceable by law. The operator has an unconditional right to receive cash if the grantor contractually guarantees to pay the operator (a) specified or determinable amounts or (b) the shortfall, if any, between amounts received from users of the public service and specified or determinable amounts, even if payment is contingent on the operator ensuring that the infrastructure meets specified quality or efficiency requirements. 17 The operator shall recognise an intangible asset to the extent that it receives a right (a licence) to charge users of the public service. A right to charge users of the public service is not an unconditional right to receive cash because the amounts are contingent on the extent that the public uses the service. 18 If the operator is paid for the construction services partly by a financial asset and partly by an intangible asset it is necessary to account separately for each component of the operator s consideration. The consideration received or receivable for both components shall be recognised initially in accordance with Ind AS 115. 19 The nature of the consideration given by the grantor to the operator shall be determined by reference to the contract terms and, when it exists, relevant contract law. The nature of the consideration determines the subsequent accounting as described in paragraphs 23 26 of this Appendix. However, both types of consideration are classified as a contract asset during the construction or upgrade period in accordance with Ind AS 115. Operation services 20 The operator shall account for operation services in accordance with Ind AS 115. Contractual obligations to restore the infrastructure to a specified level of serviceability 21 The operator may have contractual obligations it must fulfil as a condition of its licence (a) to maintain the infrastructure to a specified level of serviceability or (b) to restore the infrastructure to a specified condition before it is handed over to the grantor at the end of the service arrangement. These contractual obligations to maintain or restore infrastructure, except for any upgrade element (see paragraph 14 of this Appendix), shall be recognised and measured in accordance with Ind AS 37, ie at the best estimate of the expenditure that would be required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. Borrowing costs incurred by the operator 22 In accordance with Ind AS 23, borrowing costs attributable to the arrangement shall be recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred unless the operator has a contractual right to receive an intangible asset (a right to charge users of the public service). In this case borrowing costs attributable to the arrangement shall be capitalised during the construction phase of the arrangement in accordance with that Standard. Financial asset 23 Ind ASs 32,107 and 109 apply to the financial asset recognised under paragraphs 16 and 18 of this Appendix. 24 The amount due from or at the direction of the grantor is accounted for in accordance with Ind AS 109 as measured at: (a) amortised cost; (b) fair value through other comprehensive income; or (c) fair value through profit or loss. 25 If the amount due from the grantor is measured at amortised cost or fair value through other comprehensive income, Ind AS 109 requires interest calculated using the effective interest method to be recognised in profit or loss. Intangible asset 26 Ind AS 38 applies to the intangible asset recognised in accordance with paragraphs 17 and 18 of this Appendix. Paragraphs 45 47 of Ind AS 38 provide guidance on measuring intangible assets acquired in exchange for a non-monetary asset or assets or a combination of monetary and non-monetary assets. Items provided to the operator by the grantor 27 In accordance with paragraph 11 of this Appendix, infrastructure items to which the operator is given access by the grantor for the purposes of the service arrangement are not recognised as property, plant and equipment of the operator. The grantor may also provide other items to the operator that the operator can keep or deal with as it wishes. If such assets form part of the consideration payable by the grantor for the services, they are not government grants as defined in Ind AS 20.Instead, they are accounted for as part of the transaction price as defined in Ind AS 115. Application Guidance on Appendix D This Application Guidance is an integral part of Appendix D Scope (paragraph 5 of Appendix D) AG1 Paragraph 5 of Appendix D specifies that infrastructure is within the scope of the Appendix when the following conditions apply: (a) the grantor controls or regulates what services the operator must provide with the infrastructure, to whom it must provide them, and at what price; and (b) the grantor controls-through ownership, beneficial entitlement or otherwise-any significant residual interest in the infrastructure at the end of the term of the arrangement. AG2 The control or regulation referred to in condition (a) could be by contract or otherwise (such as through a regulator), and includes circumstances in which the grantor buys all of the output as well as those in which some or all of the output is bought by other users. In applying this condition, the grantor and any related parties shall be considered together. If the grantor is a public sector entity, the public sector as a whole, together with any regulators acting in the public interest, shall be regarded as related to the grantor for the purposes of this Appendix D. AG3 For the purpose of condition (a), the grantor does not need to have complete control of the price: it is sufficient for the price to be regulated by the grantor, contract or regulator, for example by a capping mechanism. However, the condition shall be applied to the substance of the agreement. Non-substantive features, such as a cap that will apply only in remote circumstances, shall be ignored. Conversely, if for example, a contract purports to give the operator freedom to set prices, but any excess profit is returned to the grantor, the operator s return is capped and the price element of the control test is met. AG4 For the purpose of condition (b), the grantor s control over any significant residual interest should both restrict the operator s practical ability to sell or pledge the infrastructure and give the grantor a continuing right of use throughout the period of the arrangement. The residual interest in the infrastructure is the estimated current value of the infrastructure as if it were already of the age and in the condition expected at the end of the period of the arrangement. AG5 Control should be distinguished from management. If the grantor retains both the degree of control described in paragraph 5(a) of Appendix D and any significant residual interest in the infrastructure, the operator is only managing the infrastructure on the grantor s behalf-even though, in many cases, it may have wide managerial discretion. AG6 Conditions (a) and (b) together identify when the infrastructure, including any replacements required (see paragraph 21 of Appendix D), is controlled by the grantor for the whole of its economic life. For example, if the operator has to replace part of an item of infrastructure during the period of the arrangement (eg the top layer of a road or the roof of a building), the item of infrastructure shall be considered as a whole. Thus condition (b) is met for the whole of the infrastructure, including the part that is replaced, if the grantor controls any significant residual interest in the final replacement of that part. AG7 Sometimes the use of infrastructure is partly regulated in the manner described in paragraph 5(a) of Appendix D and partly unregulated. However, these arrangements take a variety of forms: (a) any infrastructure that is physically separable and capable of being operated independently and meets the definition of a cash-generating unit as defined in Ind AS 36 shall be analysed separately if it is used wholly for unregulated purposes. For example, this might apply to a private wing of a hospital, where the remainder of the hospital is used by the grantor to treat public patients. (b) when purely ancillary activities (such as a hospital shop) are unregulated, the control tests shall be applied as if those services did not exist, because in cases in which the grantor controls the services in the manner described in paragraph 5 of Appendix D, the existence of ancillary activities does not detract from the grantor s control of the infrastructure. AG8 The operator may have a right to use the separable infrastructure described in paragraph AG7(a), or the facilities used to provide ancillary unregulated services described in paragraph AG7(b). In either case, there may in substance be a lease from the grantor to the operator; if so, it shall be accounted for in accordance with Ind AS 17. Information note 1 Accounting framework for public-to-private service arrangements This note accompanies, but is not part of, Appendix D The diagram below summarises the accounting for service arrangements established by Appendix A Information note 2 References to Indian Accounting Standards that apply to typical types of public-to-private arrangements This note accompanies, but is not part of, Appendix D. The table sets out the typical types of arrangements for private sector participation in the provision of public sector services and provides references to Indian Accounting Standards that apply to those arrangements. The list of arrangements types is not exhaustive. The purpose of the table is to highlight the continuum of arrangements. It is not Appendix D s intention to convey the impression that bright lines exist between the accounting requirements for public-to-private arrangements TABLE Appendix E Service Concession Arrangements : Disclosures This Appendix is an integral part of the Standard. Issue 1 An entity (the operator) may enter into an arrangement with another entity (the grantor) to provide services that give the public access to major economic and social facilities. The grantor may be a public or private sector entity, including a governmental body. Examples of service concession arrangements involve water treatment and supply facilities, motorways, car parks, tunnels, bridges, airports and telecommunication networks. Examples of arrangements that are not service concession arrangements include an entity outsourcing the operation of its internal services (eg employee cafeteria, building maintenance, and accounting or information technology functions). 2 A service concession arrangement generally involves the grantor conveying for the period of the concession to the operator: (a) the right to provide services that give the public access to major economic and social facilities, and (b) in some cases, the right to use specified tangible assets, intangible assets, or financial assets, in exchange for the operator: (c) committing to provide the services according to certain terms and conditions during the concession period, and (d) when applicable, committing to return at the end of the concession period the rights received at the beginning of the concession period and/or acquired during the concession period. 3 The common characteristic of all service concession arrangements is that the operator both receives a right and incurs an obligation to provide public services. 4 The issue is what information should be disclosed in the notes in the financial statements of an operator and a grantor. 5 Certain aspects and disclosures relating to some service concession arrangements are addressed by Indian Accounting Standards (eg Ind AS 16 applies to acquisitions of items of property, plant and equipment, Ind AS 17 applies to leases of assets, and Ind AS 38 applies to acquisitions of intangible assets). However, a service concession arrangement may involve executory contracts that are not addressed in Indian Accounting Standards, unless the contracts are onerous, in which case Ind AS 37 applies. Therefore, this Appendix addresses additional disclosures of service concession arrangements. Accounting Principles 6 All aspects of a service concession arrangement shall be considered in determining the appropriate disclosures in the notes. An operator and a grantor shall disclose the following in each period: (a) a description of the arrangement; (b) significant terms of the arrangement that may affect the amount, timing and certainty of future cash flows (eg the period of the concession, re-pricing dates and the basis upon which re-pricing or re-negotiation is determined); (c) the nature and extent (eg quantity, time period or amount as appropriate) of: (i) rights to use specified assets; (ii) obligations to provide or rights to expect provision of services; (iii) obligations to acquire or build items of property, plant and equipment; (iv) obligations to deliver or rights to receive specified assets at the end of the concession period; (v) renewal and termination options; and (vi) other rights and obligations (eg major overhauls); (d) changes in the arrangement occurring during the period; and (e) how the service arrangement has been classified. 6A An operator shall disclose the amount of revenue and profits or losses recognized in the period on exchanging construction services for a financial asset or an intangible asset. 7 The disclosures required in accordance with paragraph 6 of this Appendix shall be provided individually for each service concession arrangement or in aggregate for each class of service concession arrangements. A class is a grouping of service concession arrangements involving services of a similar nature (eg toll collections, telecommunications and water treatment services). Appendix F References to matters contained in other Indian Accounting Standards This appendix is an integral part of the Ind AS. This appendix lists the appendices which are part of other Indian Accounting Standards and make reference to Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. 1 Appendix B, Evaluating the Substance of Transactions involving the Legal Form of a Lease contained in Ind AS 17, Leases. 2 Appendix A, Intangible Assets-Web Site Costs contained in Ind AS 38, Intangible Assets . Appendix 1 Note: This appendix is not a part of the Indian Accounting Standard. The purpose of this appendix is only to bring out the major differences, if any, between Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 115 and the corresponding International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, IFRIC 12, Service Concession Arrangements and SIC 29 Service Concession Arrangements: Disclosures, issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Comparison with IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, IFRIC 12 and SIC 29 1. Different terminology is used in Ind AS 115 eg the term balance sheet is used instead of statement of financial position and statement of profit and loss is used instead of statement of comprehensive income . 2. As per paragraph of 15 of IFRS 15, an amount of consideration, among other things, can vary because of penalties. However, paragraph 51 of Ind AS 115 has been amended to exclude penalties from the list of examples given in the paragraph 51 due to which an amount of consideration can vary. However, paragraph 51AA has been inserted to explain the accounting treatment of penalties . 3. Paragraph 109AA has been inserted to require an entity to present separately the amount of excise duty included in the revenue recognised in the statement of profit and loss. 4. Paragraph 126AA has been inserted to present reconciliation of the amount of revenue recognised in the statement of profit and loss with the contracted price showing separately each of the adjustments made to the contract price specifying the nature and amount of each such adjustment separately. 5. In Appendix D Application Guidance, paragraph B20AA has been inserted to explain the accounting treatment in case of transfers of control of a product to a customer with an unconditional right of return. 6. Paragraphs C1A, C1B, C8A and C9 related to effective date and transition have been deleted due to following reasons: (a) Paragraph C1A refers to amendments in paragraphs 5, 97, B66 and B70 due to issuance of IFRS 16, Leases for which corresponding Ind AS is under formulation. (b) Paragraphs C1B and C8A are not relevant in Indian context as the same refer to application of these amendments in case where IFRS 15 was initially applied before issuance of amendments to the standard. (c) Paragraph C9 refers to application of IAS 39, Financial Instruments, which is not relevant in Indian context. 7. Paragraphs B57 of Appendix B of IFRS 15 appears as Deleted . However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IFRS 15, the paragraph number is retained in Ind AS 115. ; VIII. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 1 , - (i) for paragraph 34, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 34 Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, requires an entity to measure revenue from contracts with customers at the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services. For example, the amount of revenue recognized reflects any trade discounts and volume rebates the entity allows. An entity undertakes, in the course of its ordinary activities, other transactions that do not generate revenue but are incidental to the main revenue-generating activities. An entity presents the results of such transactions, when this presentation reflects the substance of the transaction or other event, by netting any income with related expenses arising on the same transaction. For example: (a) an entity presents gains and losses on the disposal of non-current assets, including investments and operating assets, by deducting from the amount of consideration on disposal the carrying amount of the asset and related selling expenses; and (b) an entity may net expenditure related to a provision that is recognised in accordance with Ind AS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, and reimbursed under a contractual arrangement with a third party (for example, a supplier s warranty agreement) against the related reimbursement. ; (ii) after paragraph 138, the following shall be inserted, namely,- Transition and Effective Date 139 * 139A * 139B * 139C * 139D * 139E * 139F * 139G * 139H * 139I * 139J * 139K * 139L * 139M * 139N As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraph 34 is amended. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. ; (iii) in Appendix 1, after paragraph 9, the following paragraph shall be inserted, namely,- 10. Paragraphs 139 to 139M related to Transition and Effective Date have not been included in Ind AS 1 as these are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 1, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 1. ; IX. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 2 , - (i) in paragraph 2, item (a), shall be omitted; (ii) for paragraph 8, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 8. Inventories encompass goods purchased and held for resale including, for example, merchandise purchased by a retailer and held for resale, or land and other property held for resale. Inventories also encompass finished goods produced, or work in progress being produced, by the entity and include materials and supplies awaiting use in the production process. Costs incurred to fulfil a contract with a customer that do not give rise to inventories (or assets within the scope of another Standard) are accounted for in accordance with Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . ; (iii) paragraph 19 shall be omitted; (iv) for paragraph 23, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 23. The cost of inventories of items that are not ordinarily interchangeable and goods or services produced and segregated for specific projects shall be assigned by using specific identification of their individual costs. ; (v) for paragraph 29, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 29. Inventories are usually written down to net realisable value item by item. In some circumstances, however, it may be appropriate to group similar or related items. This may be the case with items of inventory relating to the same product line that have similar purposes or end uses, are produced and marketed in the same geographical area, and cannot be practicably evaluated separately from other items in that product line. It is not appropriate to write inventories down on the basis of a classification of inventory, for example, finished goods, or all the inventories in a particular operating segment. ; (vi) for paragraph 37, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 37. Information about the carrying amounts held in different classifications of inventories and the extent of the changes in these assets is useful to financial statement users. Common classifications of inventories are merchandise, production supplies, materials, work in progress and finished goods. ; (vii) after paragraph 39, following shall be inserted, namely,- Effective Date 40 * 40A * 40B * 40C * 40D * 40E As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraphs 2, 8, 29, 37 are amended. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. (viii) in Appendix 1, after paragraph 1, the following paragraphs shall be inserted, namely:-. 2. Following paragraph numbers appear as Deleted in IAS 2.. In order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 2, the paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 2: (i) Paragraph 2 (a) (ii) Paragraph 19. 3. Paragraphs 40 to 40D related to effective date have not been included in Ind AS 2 as these are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 2, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 2. ; X. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 8 , - (i) in Appendix A, the existing paragraph shall be numbered as paragraph 1 and after paragraph 1 as so re-numbered the following paragraph shall be inserted, namely:- 2. Appendix B, Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration , contained in Ind AS 21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, makes reference to Ind AS 8. ; XI. Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 11 shall be omitted; XII. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 12 , - (i) after paragraph 26, the following shall be inserted, namely:- Example illustrating paragraph 26(d) Identification of a deductible temporary difference at the end of Year 2: Entity A purchases for ₹ 1,000, at the beginning of Year 1, a debt instrument with a nominal value of ₹ 1,000 payable on maturity in 5 years with an interest rate of 2% payable at the end of each year. The effective interest rate is 2%. The debt instrument is measured at fair value. At the end of Year 2, the fair value of the debt instrument has decreased to ₹ 918 as a result of an increase in market interest rates to 5%. It is probable that Entity A will collect all the contractual cash flows if it continues to hold the debt instrument. Any gains (losses) on the debt instrument are taxable (deductible) only when realised. The gains (losses) arising on the sale or maturity of the debt instrument are calculated for tax purposes as the difference between the amount collected and the original cost of the debt instrument. Accordingly, the tax base of the debt instrument is its original cost. The difference between the carrying amount of the debt instrument in Entity A s balance sheet of ₹ 918 and its tax base of ₹ 1,000 gives rise to a deductible temporary difference of ₹ 82 at the end of Year 2 (see paragraphs 20 and 26(d)), irrespective of whether Entity A expects to recover the carrying amount of the debt instrument by sale or by use, i.e. by holding it and collecting contractual cash flows, or a combination of both. This is because deductible temporary differences are differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the balance sheet and its tax base that will result in amounts that are deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods, when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled (see paragraph 5). Entity A obtains a deduction equivalent to the tax base of the asset of ₹ 1,000 in determining taxable profit (tax loss) either on sale or on maturity. ; (ii) after paragraph 27, the following paragraph shall be inserted, namely:- 27A When an entity assesses whether taxable profits will be available against which it can utilise a deductible temporary difference, it considers whether tax law restricts the sources of taxable profits against which it may make deductions on the reversal of that deductible temporary difference. If tax law imposes no such restrictions, an entity assesses a deductible temporary difference in combination with all of its other deductible temporary differences. However, if tax law restricts the utilisation of losses to deduction against income of a specific type, a deductible temporary difference is assessed in combination only with other deductible temporary differences of the appropriate type. ; (iii) for paragraph 29, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 29 When there are insufficient taxable temporary differences relating to the same taxation authority and the same taxable entity, the deferred tax asset is recognised to the extent that: (a) it is probable that the entity will have sufficient taxable profit relating to the same taxation authority and the same taxable entity in the same period as the reversal of the deductible temporary difference (or in the periods into which a tax loss arising from the deferred tax asset can be carried back or forward). In evaluating whether it will have sufficient taxable profit in future periods, an entity: (i) compares the deductible temporary differences with future taxable profit that excludes tax deductions resulting from the reversal of those deductible temporary differences. This comparison shows the extent to which the future taxable profit is sufficient for the entity to deduct the amounts resulting from the reversal of those deductible temporary differences. (ii) ignores taxable amounts arising from deductible temporary differences that are expected to originate in future periods, because the deferred tax asset arising from these deductible temporary differences will itself require future taxable profit in order to be utilised; or (b) tax planning opportunities are available to the entity that will create taxable profit in appropriate periods. ; (iv) after paragraph 29, the following paragraph shall be inserted, namely:- 29A The estimate of probable future taxable profit may include the recovery of some of an entity s assets for more than their carrying amount if there is sufficient evidence that it is probable that the entity will achieve this. For example, when an asset is measured at fair value, the entity shall consider whether there is sufficient evidence to conclude that it is probable that the entity will recover the asset for more than its carrying amount. This may be the case, for example, when an entity expects to hold a fixed-rate debt instrument and collect the contractual cash flows. ; (v) in paragraph 59, for item (a), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (a) interest, royalty or dividend revenue is received in arrears and is included in accounting profit in accordance with Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or Ind AS 109, Financial Instruments , as relevant, but is included in taxable profit (tax loss) on a cash basis; and ; (vi) after paragraph 88, the following shall be inserted, namely:- Effective Date 89 * 90 * 91 * 92 * 93 * 94 * 95 * 96 * 97 * 98 * 98A * 98B * 98C * 98D * 98E As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraph 59 is amended. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. 98F * 98G Recognition of Deferred Tax Assets for Unrealised Losses (Amendments to Ind AS 12) amended paragraph 29 and added paragraphs 27A, 29A and 89-98F and the example following paragraph 26. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after April 01, 2018. An entity shall apply those amendments retrospectively in accordance with Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors . However, on initial application of the amendment, the change in the opening equity of the earliest comparative period may be recognised in opening retained earnings (or in another component of equity, as appropriate), without allocating the change between opening retained earnings and other components of equity. If an entity applies this relief, it shall disclose that fact. ; (vii) in Appendix 1,- (a) after paragraph 7, following paragraph shall be inserted, namely,- 8. Paragraphs 89 to 98D and 98F of IAS 12 related to effective date have not been included in Ind AS 12 as these are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 12, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 12. ; XIII. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 16 ,- (i) for paragraph 68A, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 68A However, an entity that, in the course of its ordinary activities, routinely sells items of property, plant and equipment that it has held for rental to others shall transfer such assets to inventories at their carrying amount when they cease to be rented and become held for sale. The proceeds from the sale of such assets shall be recognised as revenue in accordance with Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . Ind AS 105 does not apply when assets that are held for sale in the ordinary course of business are transferred to inventories. ; (ii) for paragraph 69, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 69 The disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment may occur in a variety of ways (eg by sale, by entering into a finance lease or by donation). The date of disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is the date the recipient obtains control of that item in accordance with the requirements for determining when a performance obligation is satisfied in Ind AS 115. Ind AS 17 applies to disposal by a sale and leaseback. ; (iii) for paragraph 72, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 72 The amount of consideration to be included in the gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined in accordance with the requirements for determining the transaction price in paragraphs 47-72 of Ind AS 115. Subsequent changes to the estimated amount of the consideration included in the gain or loss shall be accounted for in accordance with the requirements for changes in the transaction price in Ind AS 115. ; (iv) after paragraph 79, the following shall be inserted, namely,- Transitional Provisions 80 * 80A * 80B * 80C * Effective Date 81 * 81A * 81B * 81C * 81D * 81E * 81F * 81G * 81H * 81I * 81J As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraphs 68A, 69, 72 are amended. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. ; (v) in Appendix 1, after paragraph 6, following paragraph shall be inserted, namely,- 7. Paragraphs 80 to 80C of IAS 16 which deals with the transitional provisions have not been included in Ind AS 16 as all transitional provisions related to Ind ASs, wherever considered appropriate have been included in Ind AS 101, First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards. Paragraphs 81 to 81I related to effective date have not been included in Ind AS 16 as these are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 16, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 16. ; (vi) in Appendix C, (a) for paragraph 1, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 1. Appendix D, Service Concession Arrangements contained in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . ; (b) for paragraph 2, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 2. Appendix E, Service Concession Arrangements: Disclosures contained in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . ; XIV. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 17 ,- (i) in Appendix B, in paragraph 8, for the opening paragraph starting with The requirements in and ending with is inappropriate include: , the following shall be substituted, namely:- 8. The requirements in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, shall be applied to the facts and circumstances of each arrangement in determining when to recognise a fee as income that an Entity might receive. Factors such as whether there is continuing involvement in the form of significant future performance obligations necessary to earn the fee, whether there are retained risks, the terms of any guarantee arrangements, and the risk of repayment of the fee, shall be considered. Indicators that individually demonstrate that recognition of the entire fee as income when received, if received at the beginning of the arrangement, is inappropriate include: ; (ii) in Appendix C, in paragraph 4, for item (b), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (b) are public-to-private service concession arrangements within the scope of Appendix D of Ind AS 115, Service Concession Arrangements . ; (iii) in Appendix D, (a) for paragraph 1, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 1. Appendix D, Service Concession Arrangements contained in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ; (b) for paragraph 2, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 2. Appendix E, Service Concession Arrangements: Disclosures contained in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ; XV. Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 18 shall be omitted; XVI. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 21 , - (i) after Appendix A, the following Appendix shall be inserted, namely:- Appendix B, Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration This appendix is an integral part of the Ind AS Background 1 Paragraph 21 of Ind AS 21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, requires an entity to record a foreign currency transaction, on initial recognition in its functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency (the exchange rate) at the date of the transaction. Paragraph 22 of Ind AS 21 states that the date of the transaction is the date on which the transaction first qualifies for recognition in accordance with Ind AS Standards (Standards). 2 When an entity pays or receives consideration in advance in a foreign currency, it generally recognises a non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability 2 before the recognition of the related asset, expense or income. The related asset, expense or income (or part of it) is the amount recognised applying relevant Standards, which results in the derecognition of the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the advance consideration. 3 Initially, the issue was how to determine the date of the transaction applying paragraphs 21 -22 of Ind AS 21 when recognising revenue. The question specifically addressed circumstances in which an entity recognises a non-monetary liability arising from the receipt of advance consideration before it recognises the related revenue. It was noted that the receipt or payment of advance consideration in a foreign currency is not restricted to revenue transactions. Accordingly, this appendix clarifies the date of the transaction for the purpose of determining the exchange rate to use on initial recognition of the related asset, expense or income when an entity has received or paid advance consideration in a foreign currency. Scope 4 This Appendix applies to a foreign currency transaction (or part of it) when an entity recognises a non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the payment or receipt of advance consideration before the entity recognises the related asset, expense or income (or part of it). 5 This Appendix does not apply when an entity measures the related asset, expense or income on initial recognition: (a) at fair value; or (b) at the fair value of the consideration paid or received at a date other than the date of initial recognition of the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from advance consideration (for example, the measurement of goodwill applying Ind AS 103, Business Combinations ). 6 An entity is not required to apply this Appendix to: (a) income taxes; or (b) insurance contracts (including reinsurance contracts) that it issues or reinsurance contracts that it holds. Issue 7 This Appendix addresses how to determine the date of the transaction for the purpose of determining the exchange rate to use on initial recognition of the related asset, expense or income (or part of it) on the derecognition of a non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the payment or receipt of advance consideration in a foreign currency. Accounting Principles 8 Applying paragraphs 21 22 of Ind AS 21, the date of the transaction for the purpose of determining the exchange rate to use on initial recognition of the related asset, expense or income (or part of it) is the date on which an entity initially recognises the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the payment or receipt of advance consideration. 9 If there are multiple payments or receipts in advance, the entity shall determine a date of the transaction for each payment or receipt of advance consideration. Effective date and transition of Appendix B This is an integral part of Appendix B and has the same authority as the other parts of the Appendix B. Effective date A1 An entity shall apply this Appendix for annual reporting periods beginning on or after April 1, 2018. A2 On initial application, an entity shall apply this Appendix either: (a) retrospectively applying Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors ; or (b) prospectively to all assets, expenses and income in the scope of the Appendix initially recognised on or after: (i) the beginning of the reporting period in which the entity first applies the Appendix; or (ii) the beginning of a prior reporting period presented as comparative information in the financial statements of the reporting period in which the entity first applies the Appendix. A3 An entity that applies paragraph A2(b) shall, on initial application, apply the Appendix to assets, expenses and income initially recognised on or after the beginning of the reporting period in paragraph A2(b)(i) or (ii) for which the entity has recognised non-monetary assets or non-monetary liabilities arising from advance consideration before that date. ; (ii) in Appendix 1, - (a) in the related Note , after the words Exchange Rates, and before the words issued by the words and IFRIC 22 Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration shall be inserted. (b) in the heading, after the words Exchange Rates , and IFRIC 22 shall be inserted. XVII. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 23 , in Appendix A, for paragraph 2, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 2. Appendix D, Service Concession Arrangements contained in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , makes reference to this Standard also. ; XVIII. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 28 , - (i) for paragraph 18, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 18 When an investment in an associate or a joint venture is held by, or is held indirectly through, an entity that is a venture capital organisation, or a mutual fund, unit trust and similar entities including investment-linked insurance funds, the entity may elect to measure that investment at fair value through profit or loss in accordance with Ind AS 109. An entity shall make this election separately for each associate or joint venture, at initial recognition of the associate or joint venture. ; (ii) for paragraph 36A, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 36A Notwithstanding the requirement in paragraph 36, if an entity that is not itself an investment entity has an interest in an associate or joint venture that is an investment entity, the entity may, when applying the equity method, elect to retain the fair value measurement applied by that investment entity associate or joint venture to the investment entity associate s or joint venture s interests in subsidiaries. This election is made separately for each investment entity associate or joint venture, at the later of the date on which (a) the investment entity associate or joint venture is initially recognised; (b) the associate or joint venture becomes an investment entity; and (c) the investment entity associate or joint venture first becomes a parent. ; (iii) after paragraph 44, following shall be inserted, namely;- Effective date and transition 45 * 45A * 45B * 45C * 45D * 45E Annual Improvements to Ind AS - Amendments in Ind AS 112 and 28, amended paragraphs 18 and 36A. An entity shall apply those amendments retrospectively in accordance with Ind AS 8 for annual periods beginning on or after 1st April, 2018. (iv) in Appendix 1, after paragraph 3, following paragraph shall be inserted, namely:- 4. Paragraphs 45 to 45D have not been included as these paragraphs relate to effective date and transition that are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 28, the paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 28. ; XIX. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 32 ,- (i) after paragraph 50 following heading and paragraphs shall be inserted, namely,- Effective date and transition 96 * 96A * 96B * 96C * 97 * 97A * 97B * 97C * 97D * 97E * 97F * 97G * 97H * 97I * 97J * 97K * 97L * 97M * 97N * 97O * 97P * 97Q As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraph AG21 is amended. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. ; (ii) in Appendix A, for paragraph AG21, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- AG21 Except as required by Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, a contract that involves the receipt or delivery of physical assets does not give rise to a financial asset of one party and a financial liability of the other party unless any corresponding payment is deferred past the date on which the physical assets are transferred. Such is the case with the purchase or sale of goods on trade credit. ; (iii) in Appendix B, for paragraph 1, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 1. Appendix D, Service Concession Arrangements contained in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . ; (iv) in Appendix 1, paragraph 2 shall be substituted, namely,- 2. Paragraphs 96 to 97P related to Transitional Provisions and Effective date given in IAS 32 have not been given in Ind AS 32, since all transitional provisions related to Ind ASs, wherever considered appropriate have been included in Ind AS 101, First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards corresponding to IFRS 1, First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards and paragraphs related to Effective date are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 32, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 32. ; XX. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 34 ,- (i)in paragraph 15B, for item (b), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (b) recognition of a loss from the impairment of financial assets, property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, assets arising from contracts with customers, or other assets, and the reversal of such an impairment loss; ; (ii)in paragraph 16A, after item (k), the following item shall be inserted, namely:- (l) the disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers required by paragraphs 114-115 of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ; (iii) after paragraph 45, the following shall be inserted, namely,- Effective date and transition 46 * 47 * 48 * 49 * 50 * 51 * 52 * 53 * 54 * 55 As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraph 15B and 16A are amended. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. ; (iv) In Appendix 1, after paragraph 6, following paragraph shall be inserted, namely,- 7. Paragraphs 46-54 related to effective date have not been included in Ind AS 34 as these are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 34, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 34. ; XXI. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 36 ,- (i) in paragraph 2, for item (b), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (b) contract assets and assets arising from costs to obtain or fulfil a contract that are recognised in accordance with Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers; (ii) after paragraph 137, the following shall be inserted, namely,- Transition provisions and effective date 138 * 139 * 140 * 140A * 140B * 140C * 140D * 140E * 140F * 140G * 140H * 140I * 140J * 140K * 140L As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraph 2 is amended. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. ; (iii) in Appendix 1, after paragraph 7, the following paragraph shall be inserted, namely:- 8. Paragraphs 138 to 140K related to effective date have not been included in Ind AS 36 as these are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 36, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 36. ; XXII. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 37 : - (i) for paragraph 5, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 5. When another Standard deals with a specific type of provision, contingent liability or contingent asset, an entity applies that Standard instead of this Standard. For example, some types of provisions are addressed in Standards on: (a) Omitted*; (b) income taxes (see Ind AS 12, Income Taxes ); (c) leases (see Ind AS 17, Leases ). However, as Ind AS 17 contains no specific requirements to deal with operating leases that have become onerous, this Standard applies to such cases; (d) employee benefits (see Ind AS 19, Employee Benefits ); (e) insurance contracts (see Ind AS 104, Insurance Contracts ). However, this Standard applies to provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets of an insurer, other than those arising from its contractual obligations and rights under insurance contracts within the scope of Ind AS 104; (f) contingent consideration of an acquirer in a business combination (see Ind AS 103, Business Combinations ); and (g) revenue from contracts with customers (see Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers). However, as Ind AS 115 contains no specific requirement to address contracts with customers that are, or have become, onerous, this Standard applies to such cases. ; (ii) for paragraph 6 shall be omitted; (iii) after paragraph 92, the following shall be inserted, namely,- Transitional Provisions 93 * 94 * Effective date 95 * 96 * 97 * 98 * 99 * 100 As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraph 5 is amended and paragraph 6 is deleted. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. ; (iv) in Appendix D, for paragraph (i), the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- (i) Appendix D, Service Concession Arrangements and Appendix E, Service Concession Arrangements: Disclosures, contained in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . ; (v) in Appendix 1, for paragraph 3, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 3. The following paragraph numbers have been omitted in IAS 37. In order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 37, the paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 37: (i) paragraph 1(b) (ii) paragraph 4 (iii) paragraph 5(a) (iv) paragraph 6. (vi) in Appendix 1, after paragraph 3, following paragraph shall be inserted, namely,- 4. Paragraphs 93 to 99 related to Transitional Provisions and Effective date given in IAS 37 have not been given in Ind AS 37, since all transitional provisions related to Ind ASs, wherever considered appropriate have been included in Ind AS 101, First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards corresponding to IFRS 1, First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards and paragraph related to Effective date are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 37, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 37. ; XXIII. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 38 ,- (i) in paragraph 3, for item (a), the following item shall be substituted, namely:- (a) intangible assets held by an entity for sale in the ordinary course of business (see Ind AS 2, Inventories ). ; (ii) in paragraph 3, after item (h), following item shall be inserted, namely:-. (i) assets arising from contracts with customers that are recognised in accordance with Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . ; (iii) for paragraph 114, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 114 The disposal of an intangible asset may occur in a variety of ways (eg by sale, by entering into a finance lease, or by donation). The date of disposal of an intangible asset is the date that the recipient obtains control of that asset in accordance with the requirements for determining when a performance obligation is satisfied in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . Ind AS 17 applies to disposal by a sale and leaseback. ; (iv) for paragraph 116, the following shall be substituted, namely:- 116 The amount of consideration to be included in the gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an intangible asset is determined in accordance with the requirements for determining the transaction price in paragraphs 47-72 of Ind AS 115. Subsequent changes to the estimated amount of the consideration included in the gain or loss shall be accounted for in accordance with the requirements for changes in the transaction price in Ind AS 115. ; (v) after paragraph 128, the following shall be inserted, namely:- Transitional provisions and effective date 129 * 130 * 130A * 130B * 130C * 130D * 130E * 130F * 130G * 130H * 130I * 130J * 130K As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraphs 3,114,116 and in Appendix A paragraph 6 are amended. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. (vi) in Appendix A, for paragraph 6, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 6. Ind AS 38 does not apply to intangible assets held by an entity for sale in the ordinary course of business (see Ind AS 2 and Ind AS 115) or leases that fall within the scope of Ind AS 17. Accordingly, this Appendix does not apply to expenditure on the development or operation of a web site (or web site software) for sale to another entity. When a web site is leased under an operating lease, the lessor applies this Appendix. When a web site is leased under a finance lease, the lessee applies this Appendix after initial recognition of the leased asset. ; (vii) in Appendix B, - (a) for paragraph 1, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 1 Appendix D, Service Concession Arrangements contained in Ind AS 115 , Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ; (b) for paragraph 2, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 2 Appendix E , Service Concession Arrangements: Disclosures contained in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ; (viii) in Appendix 1, for paragraph 2, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely,- 2. Paragraphs 129 to 130J related to transitional provisions and effective date have not been included in Ind AS 38 as transitional provisions given in IAS 38 have not been given in Ind AS 38, since all transitional provisions related to Ind ASs, wherever considered appropriate, have been included in Ind AS 101, First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards, corresponding to IFRS 1, First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards and paragraphs related to Effective date are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 38, these paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 38. ; XXIV. in Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 40 , (i) in paragraph 3, for item (b), the following item shall be substituted namely:- (b) recognition of lease income from investment property (see also Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ); ; (ii) in paragraph 9, item (b) shall be omitted; (iii) for paragraph 57, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 57 An entity shall transfer a property to, or from, investment property when, and only when, there is a change in use. A change in use occurs when the property meets, or ceases to meet, the definition of investment property and there is evidence of the change in use. In isolation, a change in management s intentions for the use of a property does not provide evidence of a change in use. Examples of evidence of a change in use include: (a) commencement of owner-occupation, or of development with a view to owner-occupation, for a transfer from investment property to owner-occupied property; (b) commencement of development with a view to sale, for a transfer from investment property to inventories; (c) end of owner-occupation, for a transfer from owner-occupied property to investment property; and (d) inception of an operating lease to another party, for a transfer from inventories to investment property. (e) Omitted*; (iv) for paragraph 58, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 58 When an entity decides to dispose of an investment property without development, it continues to treat the property as an investment property until it is derecognised (eliminated from the balance sheet) and does not reclassify it as inventory. Similarly, if an entity begins to redevelop an existing investment property for continued future use as investment property, the property remains an investment property and is not reclassified as owner-occupied property during the redevelopment. ; (v) for paragraph 67, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 67 The disposal of an investment property may be achieved by sale or by entering into a finance lease. The date of disposal for investment property is the date the recipient obtains control of the investment property in accordance with the requirements for determining when a performance obligation is satisfied in Ind AS 115. Ind AS 17 applies to a disposal effected by entering into a finance lease and to a sale and leaseback. ; (vi) for paragraph 70, the following paragraph shall be substituted, namely:- 70 The amount of consideration to be included in the gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an investment property is determined in accordance with the requirements for determining the transaction price in paragraphs 47-72 of Ind AS 115. Subsequent changes to the estimated amount of the consideration included in the gain or loss shall be accounted for in accordance with the requirements for changes in the transaction price in Ind AS 115. ; (vii) after paragraph 79, the following shall be inserted, namely,- Transitional Provisions 80 * 81 * 82 * 83 * 84 * 84A * 84B * Transfers of investment property 84C Transfers of Investment Property (Amendments to Ind AS 40), amended paragraphs 57 58. An entity shall apply those amendments to changes in use that occur on or after the beginning of the annual reporting period in which the entity first applies the amendments (the date of initial application). At the date of initial application, an entity shall reassess the classification of property held at that date and, if applicable, reclassify property applying paragraphs 7 14 to reflect the conditions that exist at that date. 84D Notwithstanding the requirements in paragraph 84C, an entity is permitted to apply the amendments to paragraphs 57 58 retrospectively in accordance with Ind AS 8 if, and only if, that is possible without the use of hindsight. 84E If, in accordance with paragraph 84C, an entity reclassifies property at the date of initial application, the entity shall: (a) account for the reclassification applying the requirements in paragraph 59. (i) * (ii) * (b) disclose the amounts reclassified to, or from, investment property in accordance with paragraph 84C. The entity shall disclose those amounts reclassified as part of the reconciliation of the carrying amount of investment property at the beginning and end of the period as required by paragraph 79. Effective date 85 * 85A * 85B * 85C * 85D * 85E As a consequence of issuance of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , paragraphs 3(b), 9, 67and 70 are amended. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies Ind AS 115. 85F * 85G Transfers of Investment Property (Amendments to Ind AS 40), amended paragraphs 57 58 and added paragraphs 84C 84E. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1st April, 2018. ; (viii) in Appendix 1, (a) in paragraph 1, after item (xi), the following item shall be inserted, namely:- (xii) Paragraphs 84E(i) - (ii) (b) in paragraph 7, item (i) shall be inserted, namely:- (i) Paragraph 9(b) ; (c) after paragraph 7, the following paragraphs shall be inserted, namely:- 8. Paragraphs 80 to 84A of IAS 40 which deals with the transitional provisions have not been included in Ind AS 40 as all transitional provisions related to Ind ASs, wherever considered appropriate have been included in Ind AS 101, First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards corresponding to IFRS 1, First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards. Paragraphs 85 to 85D in IAS 40 have not been included in Ind AS 40 as these paragraphs relate to effective date which are not relevant in Indian context. However, in order to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 40, the paragraph numbers are retained in Ind AS 40. 9. In IAS 40, paragraphs 84B and 85F are added consequent to the issuance of new standard on leases (IFRS 16, Leases). Ind AS corresponding to IFRS 16 is under formulation in India. Accordingly, these paragraphs will be finalised once Ind AS 116 is finalised. [F. No. 01/01/2009-CL-V(Part VI)] K.V.R. Murty Joint Secretary ---------------- * Refer Appendix 1 1 This term (as defined in Ind AS 107) is used in the requirements for presenting the effects of changes in credit risk on liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss (see paragraph 5.7.7) 2 For example, paragraph 106 of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, requires that if a customer pays consideration, or an entity has a right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (ie a receivable), before the entity transfers a good or service to the customer, the entity shall present the contract as a contract liability when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier).