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Issues Involved:
1. Deduction of additional liability for gratuity under section 40A(7) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. 2. Deduction of provision for gratuity for prior years under section 36(1)(v) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. 3. Taxability of gain in foreign exchange as revenue in nature. Issue-Wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Deduction of Additional Liability for Gratuity under Section 40A(7): The assessee claimed an additional liability for gratuity amounting to Rs. 32,66,475 for the year 1977 based on actuarial valuation. The Assessing Officer disallowed this claim, stating that the method of accounting should not change, and the Tribunal upheld this disallowance, considering it a provision created in the accounts rather than an actual expenditure. The Tribunal referred the question of whether the entire amount must be contributed to the approved gratuity fund in the immediately succeeding year to fulfill the criteria under section 40A(7)(b)(i). Upon review, the court noted that section 40A(7)(a) disallows any provision for gratuity unless it meets the conditions of section 40A(7)(b), which allows deductions for contributions towards an approved gratuity fund or for gratuity payable during the previous year. The court concluded that the contention of factual payment was not relevant for deduction under section 40A(7)(b). Therefore, the court ruled in favor of the assessee, allowing the deduction for the additional liability for gratuity. 2. Deduction of Provision for Gratuity for Prior Years under Section 36(1)(v): The assessee claimed deductions for gratuity provisions for the years 1976 and prior, which were disallowed in earlier assessments but paid to the MICO gratuity trust during 1977. The Tribunal disallowed these claims, considering them as provisions rather than actual payments. The court, however, noted that section 36(1)(v) allows deductions for contributions to an approved gratuity fund. The court referenced previous judgments, including CIT v. Smith, Kline and French (India) Ltd., which supported the allowance of such deductions if the conditions under section 40A(7) are met. The court ruled that the assessee's claims for gratuity provisions for 1976 and prior years should be allowed as deductions under section 36(1)(v), provided they meet the conditions of section 40A(7). Thus, the court answered this question in favor of the assessee. 3. Taxability of Gain in Foreign Exchange as Revenue in Nature: The assessee earned a gain of Rs. 19,22,076 from foreign exchange fluctuations related to export activities. The Assessing Officer included this gain as taxable income, which was initially excluded by the appellate authority but later reinstated by the Tribunal. The court reviewed relevant case law, including Indo-Burma Petroleum Co. Ltd. v. CIT and Hindustan Aircraft Ltd. v. CIT, which established that gains from foreign exchange fluctuations in the course of business are taxable as revenue income. The court concluded that the gain from foreign exchange fluctuations was indeed revenue in nature and should be included in the taxable income of the assessee. Therefore, the court answered this question in favor of the Revenue. Final Order: - In I.T.R.C. No. 618 of 1998, both questions were answered in favor of the assessee. - In I.T.R.C. No. 617 of 1998, the first question was answered in favor of the assessee, and the second question was answered in favor of the Revenue.
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