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Issues Involved:
1. Legality of the detention order under Rule 30(1)(b) of the Defence of India Rules, 1962. 2. Validity of the detention order in light of the President's Proclamation under Article 359(1). 3. Distinction between "public order" and "law and order" in the context of the detention order. 4. Authority and jurisdiction of the District Magistrate in issuing the detention order. 5. Allegations of mala fide intent in the detention order. Detailed Analysis: 1. Legality of the Detention Order under Rule 30(1)(b) of the Defence of India Rules, 1962 The detention order directed the detention of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia to prevent him from acting prejudicially to public safety and the maintenance of law and order. The Court scrutinized whether the terms "public safety" and "maintenance of law and order" were legally justifiable under Rule 30(1)(b). The rule permits detention to prevent actions prejudicial to public safety and public order, but not specifically for maintaining law and order. The Court concluded that "public order" and "law and order" are not synonymous, and the detention order was not in terms of the rule, making it legally flawed. 2. Validity of the Detention Order in Light of the President's Proclamation under Article 359(1) The President's Order under Article 359(1) suspended the right to move any court for enforcement of rights under Articles 21 and 22 if deprived under the Defence of India Act or Rules. The Court examined whether the detention was under the Defence of India Rules. If the detention was not under these rules, the President's Order would not bar the petition. The Court held that the President's Order does not prevent the Court from examining whether the detention was justified under the Defence of India Act or Rules. 3. Distinction Between "Public Order" and "Law and Order" in the Context of the Detention Order The Court emphasized that "public order" and "law and order" have distinct meanings. "Public order" refers to a state of tranquility affecting the community at large, while "law and order" includes all forms of disorder. The detention order's reference to "maintenance of law and order" indicated a broader scope than permitted under Rule 30(1)(b), which only allows for detention to maintain public order. This discrepancy rendered the detention order invalid. 4. Authority and Jurisdiction of the District Magistrate in Issuing the Detention Order The Court examined whether the District Magistrate had the authority to issue the detention order. The order mentioned Notification No. 180/CW, which was incorrect, as the correct notification was No. 11155/CW. The Court noted that while the incorrect reference did not vitiate the order, the District Magistrate's authority must be established. The District Magistrate's affidavit confirmed his satisfaction that detention was necessary for public safety and public order, but the order's wording did not align with the rule, questioning the proper exercise of his authority. 5. Allegations of Mala Fide Intent in the Detention Order Dr. Lohia alleged that the detention was mala fide, intended to prevent him from participating in the parliamentary session and disclosing information against the Bihar Government. The District Magistrate and the police denied these allegations, stating the detention was necessary to prevent disorder. The Court found no evidence of mala fide intent but focused on the legal validity of the detention order. Conclusion The Supreme Court, by majority opinion, found the detention order invalid as it was not in terms of Rule 30(1)(b) of the Defence of India Rules. The order's reference to "maintenance of law and order" exceeded the scope of the rule, which only permits detention for maintaining public order. Consequently, the detention of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia was deemed illegal, and he was ordered to be set at liberty.
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