Varnish - Indian Laws - General

Varnish According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 12 (15 Ed.) page 274: Varnish, liquid coating material containing a resin that dries to a hard transparent film. Most varnishes are clear, but some contain pigments. A brief treatment of varnish follows. For full treatment, See MACROPAEDIA : CHEMICAL Process Industries . The first varnishes were solutions of natural resins, the natural secretions of plants, and were produced by heating the resins, adding natural oils such as linseed, cooking and mixture to the desired visosity, and then diluting it with turpentine. The resultant coating took three to four days to harden and was not durable. Other drawbacks were variability in properties, supply, and price in heren t in natural products. Modern varnishes rely largely on synthetic resigns that are less variable in availability and quality, and adaptable to many uses. The first synthetic resigns used in varnishes, developed by the chemist Leo Baekeland, were phenolic resigns similar to Bakelite. Improved through in 1930s and 1940s, phenolics were displaced in many uses by alkyds, which eventually became the single most important resin class in the coatings industry, but phenolics continue to be used in marine and floor varnishes. Alkyds are made with an alcohol such as glycerol, a dibasic acid, such as maleic or phthalic acid and an oil, such as castor, coconut, linseed, or soybean, or a fatty acid. Other synthetic resins used in varnishes include amino resins, formed by the condensation or urea or melamine with formaldehyde; polyurethanes and epoxy resins silicones and viny resins. Varnish tree, also called JATAESE VARNISH TREE, LIQUER TREE or WOOD OIL TREE, any of various trees whose milky juice is used to make a varnish or licquer. The term is applied particularly to an Oriental tree, related to poison, ivy, that is highly irritating to the skin. On being tapped, the tree exudes a thick, milky emulsion, that was possibly used as the first drying oil, it has the peculiar property of drying only in a moist atmosphere. From this exudate is obtained the lacquer used to produce the highly polished woodenware of China and Japan with the hard and durable coats that are unaffected by water. See also Goldenrain tree. COMMISSIONER OF TRADE TAX, U.P. VERSUS CHANDRA ELECTRICAL SALES - 1998 (9) TMI 670 - ALLAHABAD HIGH COURT